diff --git a/db/db.go b/db/db.go
index 66412ede..6586e763 100644
--- a/db/db.go
+++ b/db/db.go
@@ -16,12 +16,6 @@ const (
 	replicaHealthCheckTimeout      = 10 * time.Second
 )
 
-// Beginner is an interface for types that can begin a database transaction.
-// Both *sql.DB and *DB implement this.
-type Beginner interface {
-	Begin() (*sql.Tx, error)
-}
-
 // DB wraps a primary *sql.DB and optional read replicas. All standard query/exec methods
 // delegate to the primary. The ReadOnly() method returns a *sql.DB from a healthy replica
 // (round-robin), falling back to the primary if no replicas are configured or all are unhealthy.
@@ -32,13 +26,6 @@ type DB struct {
 	cancel   context.CancelFunc
 }
 
-// Host pairs a *sql.DB with the host:port it was opened against.
-type Host struct {
-	Addr    string // "host:port"
-	DB      *sql.DB
-	healthy atomic.Bool
-}
-
 // New creates a new DB that wraps the given primary and optional replica connections.
 // If replicas is nil or empty, ReadOnly() simply returns the primary.
 // Replicas start unhealthy and are checked immediately by a background goroutine.
@@ -55,12 +42,6 @@ func New(primary *Host, replicas []*Host) *DB {
 	return d
 }
 
-// Primary returns the underlying primary *sql.DB. This is only intended for
-// one-time schema setup during store initialization, not for regular queries.
-func (d *DB) Primary() *sql.DB {
-	return d.primary.DB
-}
-
 // Query delegates to the primary database.
 func (d *DB) Query(query string, args ...any) (*sql.Rows, error) {
 	return d.primary.DB.Query(query, args...)
@@ -86,13 +67,10 @@ func (d *DB) Ping() error {
 	return d.primary.DB.Ping()
 }
 
-// Close closes the primary database and all replicas, and stops the health-check goroutine.
-func (d *DB) Close() error {
-	d.cancel()
-	for _, r := range d.replicas {
-		r.DB.Close()
-	}
-	return d.primary.DB.Close()
+// Primary returns the underlying primary *sql.DB. This is only intended for
+// one-time schema setup during store initialization, not for regular queries.
+func (d *DB) Primary() *sql.DB {
+	return d.primary.DB
 }
 
 // ReadOnly returns a *sql.DB suitable for read-only queries. It round-robins across healthy
@@ -112,6 +90,15 @@ func (d *DB) ReadOnly() *sql.DB {
 	return d.primary.DB
 }
 
+// Close closes the primary database and all replicas, and stops the health-check goroutine.
+func (d *DB) Close() error {
+	d.cancel()
+	for _, r := range d.replicas {
+		r.DB.Close()
+	}
+	return d.primary.DB.Close()
+}
+
 // healthCheckLoop checks replicas immediately, then periodically on a ticker.
 func (d *DB) healthCheckLoop(ctx context.Context) {
 	select {
diff --git a/db/types.go b/db/types.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..534d6168
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/types.go
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package db
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"sync/atomic"
+)
+
+// Beginner is an interface for types that can begin a database transaction.
+// Both *sql.DB and *DB implement this.
+type Beginner interface {
+	Begin() (*sql.Tx, error)
+}
+
+// Host pairs a *sql.DB with the host:port it was opened against.
+type Host struct {
+	Addr    string // "host:port"
+	DB      *sql.DB
+	healthy atomic.Bool
+}
diff --git a/message/cache_sqlite.go b/message/cache_sqlite.go
index 5593ec63..a36aba0e 100644
--- a/message/cache_sqlite.go
+++ b/message/cache_sqlite.go
@@ -111,14 +111,14 @@ func NewSQLiteStore(filename, startupQueries string, cacheDuration time.Duration
 	if !util.FileExists(parentDir) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cache database directory %s does not exist or is not accessible", parentDir)
 	}
-	sqlDB, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filename)
+	d, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filename)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if err := setupSQLite(sqlDB, startupQueries, cacheDuration); err != nil {
+	if err := setupSQLite(d, startupQueries, cacheDuration); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return newCache(db.New(&db.Host{DB: sqlDB}, nil), sqliteQueries, &sync.Mutex{}, batchSize, batchTimeout, nop), nil
+	return newCache(db.New(&db.Host{DB: d}, nil), sqliteQueries, &sync.Mutex{}, batchSize, batchTimeout, nop), nil
 }
 
 // NewMemStore creates an in-memory cache
diff --git a/user/manager_sqlite.go b/user/manager_sqlite.go
index a28a846a..e92c6349 100644
--- a/user/manager_sqlite.go
+++ b/user/manager_sqlite.go
@@ -281,15 +281,15 @@ func NewSQLiteManager(filename, startupQueries string, config *Config) (*Manager
 	if !util.FileExists(parentDir) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("user database directory %s does not exist or is not accessible", parentDir)
 	}
-	sqlDB, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filename)
+	d, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filename)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if err := setupSQLite(sqlDB); err != nil {
+	if err := setupSQLite(d); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if err := runSQLiteStartupQueries(sqlDB, startupQueries); err != nil {
+	if err := runSQLiteStartupQueries(d, startupQueries); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return newManager(db.New(&db.Host{DB: sqlDB}, nil), sqliteQueries, config)
+	return newManager(db.New(&db.Host{DB: d}, nil), sqliteQueries, config)
 }
diff --git a/webpush/store_postgres.go b/webpush/store_postgres.go
index a8404af3..1c9adf0a 100644
--- a/webpush/store_postgres.go
+++ b/webpush/store_postgres.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"fmt"
 
-	ntfydb "heckel.io/ntfy/v2/db"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/db"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ const (
 )
 
 // NewPostgresStore creates a new PostgreSQL-backed web push store using an existing database connection pool.
-func NewPostgresStore(d *ntfydb.DB) (*Store, error) {
+func NewPostgresStore(d *db.DB) (*Store, error) {
 	if err := setupPostgres(d.Primary()); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -97,11 +97,11 @@ func NewPostgresStore(d *ntfydb.DB) (*Store, error) {
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func setupPostgres(db *sql.DB) error {
+func setupPostgres(d *sql.DB) error {
 	var schemaVersion int
-	err := db.QueryRow(postgresSelectSchemaVersionQuery).Scan(&schemaVersion)
+	err := d.QueryRow(postgresSelectSchemaVersionQuery).Scan(&schemaVersion)
 	if err != nil {
-		return setupNewPostgres(db)
+		return setupNewPostgres(d)
 	}
 	if schemaVersion > pgCurrentSchemaVersion {
 		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected schema version: version %d is higher than current version %d", schemaVersion, pgCurrentSchemaVersion)
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@ func setupPostgres(db *sql.DB) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func setupNewPostgres(sqlDB *sql.DB) error {
-	return ntfydb.ExecTx(sqlDB, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+func setupNewPostgres(d *sql.DB) error {
+	return db.ExecTx(d, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
 		if _, err := tx.Exec(postgresCreateTablesQuery); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
diff --git a/webpush/store_sqlite.go b/webpush/store_sqlite.go
index 81c44704..fcf49fcf 100644
--- a/webpush/store_sqlite.go
+++ b/webpush/store_sqlite.go
@@ -79,18 +79,18 @@ const (
 
 // NewSQLiteStore creates a new SQLite-backed web push store.
 func NewSQLiteStore(filename, startupQueries string) (*Store, error) {
-	sqlDB, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filename)
+	d, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filename)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if err := setupSQLite(sqlDB); err != nil {
+	if err := setupSQLite(d); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if err := runSQLiteStartupQueries(sqlDB, startupQueries); err != nil {
+	if err := runSQLiteStartupQueries(d, startupQueries); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return &Store{
-		db: db.New(&db.Host{DB: sqlDB}, nil),
+		db: db.New(&db.Host{DB: d}, nil),
 		queries: queries{
 			selectSubscriptionIDByEndpoint:             sqliteSelectSubscriptionIDByEndpointQuery,
 			selectSubscriptionCountBySubscriberIP:      sqliteSelectSubscriptionCountBySubscriberIPQuery,