mirror of
https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy.git
synced 2026-01-19 00:27:25 +01:00
Compare commits
18 Commits
| Author | SHA1 | Date | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
061677a78b | ||
|
|
b4f15ec9d4 | ||
|
|
af17661053 | ||
|
|
635ec88c4f | ||
|
905f048ab4 | ||
|
|
7f86108379 | ||
|
|
425e6d064e | ||
|
|
ebb61fcccf | ||
|
|
9f72eb804d | ||
|
|
42af71e546 | ||
|
|
df818cfebc | ||
|
|
0de1990c01 | ||
|
|
5765a707fc | ||
|
5eb84f759b | ||
|
45e1707d3b | ||
|
|
0581a9e680 | ||
|
5211d06f2c | ||
|
b6983e6866 |
@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@ nfpms:
|
||||
type: "config|noreplace"
|
||||
- src: client/ntfy-client.service
|
||||
dst: /lib/systemd/system/ntfy-client.service
|
||||
- src: client/user/ntfy-client.service
|
||||
dst: /lib/systemd/user/ntfy-client.service
|
||||
- dst: /var/cache/ntfy
|
||||
type: dir
|
||||
- dst: /var/cache/ntfy/attachments
|
||||
@@ -119,6 +121,7 @@ archives:
|
||||
- server/ntfy.service
|
||||
- client/client.yml
|
||||
- client/ntfy-client.service
|
||||
- client/user/ntfy-client.service
|
||||
-
|
||||
id: ntfy_windows
|
||||
builds:
|
||||
|
||||
10
client/user/ntfy-client.service
Normal file
10
client/user/ntfy-client.service
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
|
||||
[Unit]
|
||||
Description=ntfy client
|
||||
After=network.target
|
||||
|
||||
[Service]
|
||||
ExecStart=/usr/bin/ntfy subscribe --config "%h/.config/ntfy/client.yml" --from-config
|
||||
Restart=on-failure
|
||||
|
||||
[Install]
|
||||
WantedBy=default.target
|
||||
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ want to use a dedicated token to publish from your backup host, and one from you
|
||||
but not yet implemented.
|
||||
|
||||
The `ntfy token` command can be used to manage access tokens for users. Tokens can have labels, and they can expire
|
||||
automatically (or never expire). Each user can have up to 20 tokens (hardcoded).
|
||||
automatically (or never expire). Each user can have up to 60 tokens (hardcoded).
|
||||
|
||||
**Example commands** (type `ntfy token --help` or `ntfy token COMMAND --help` for more details):
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -30,37 +30,37 @@ deb/rpm packages.
|
||||
|
||||
=== "x86_64/amd64"
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz
|
||||
tar zxvf ntfy_2.11.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz
|
||||
sudo cp -a ntfy_2.11.0_linux_amd64/ntfy /usr/local/bin/ntfy
|
||||
sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.11.0_linux_amd64/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz
|
||||
tar zxvf ntfy_2.12.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz
|
||||
sudo cp -a ntfy_2.12.0_linux_amd64/ntfy /usr/local/bin/ntfy
|
||||
sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.12.0_linux_amd64/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
|
||||
sudo ntfy serve
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "armv6"
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_linux_armv6.tar.gz
|
||||
tar zxvf ntfy_2.11.0_linux_armv6.tar.gz
|
||||
sudo cp -a ntfy_2.11.0_linux_armv6/ntfy /usr/bin/ntfy
|
||||
sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.11.0_linux_armv6/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_linux_armv6.tar.gz
|
||||
tar zxvf ntfy_2.12.0_linux_armv6.tar.gz
|
||||
sudo cp -a ntfy_2.12.0_linux_armv6/ntfy /usr/bin/ntfy
|
||||
sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.12.0_linux_armv6/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
|
||||
sudo ntfy serve
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "armv7/armhf"
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_linux_armv7.tar.gz
|
||||
tar zxvf ntfy_2.11.0_linux_armv7.tar.gz
|
||||
sudo cp -a ntfy_2.11.0_linux_armv7/ntfy /usr/bin/ntfy
|
||||
sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.11.0_linux_armv7/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_linux_armv7.tar.gz
|
||||
tar zxvf ntfy_2.12.0_linux_armv7.tar.gz
|
||||
sudo cp -a ntfy_2.12.0_linux_armv7/ntfy /usr/bin/ntfy
|
||||
sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.12.0_linux_armv7/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
|
||||
sudo ntfy serve
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "arm64"
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_linux_arm64.tar.gz
|
||||
tar zxvf ntfy_2.11.0_linux_arm64.tar.gz
|
||||
sudo cp -a ntfy_2.11.0_linux_arm64/ntfy /usr/bin/ntfy
|
||||
sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.11.0_linux_arm64/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_linux_arm64.tar.gz
|
||||
tar zxvf ntfy_2.12.0_linux_arm64.tar.gz
|
||||
sudo cp -a ntfy_2.12.0_linux_arm64/ntfy /usr/bin/ntfy
|
||||
sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.12.0_linux_arm64/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
|
||||
sudo ntfy serve
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ Manually installing the .deb file:
|
||||
|
||||
=== "x86_64/amd64"
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_linux_amd64.deb
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_linux_amd64.deb
|
||||
sudo dpkg -i ntfy_*.deb
|
||||
sudo systemctl enable ntfy
|
||||
sudo systemctl start ntfy
|
||||
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ Manually installing the .deb file:
|
||||
|
||||
=== "armv6"
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_linux_armv6.deb
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_linux_armv6.deb
|
||||
sudo dpkg -i ntfy_*.deb
|
||||
sudo systemctl enable ntfy
|
||||
sudo systemctl start ntfy
|
||||
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ Manually installing the .deb file:
|
||||
|
||||
=== "armv7/armhf"
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_linux_armv7.deb
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_linux_armv7.deb
|
||||
sudo dpkg -i ntfy_*.deb
|
||||
sudo systemctl enable ntfy
|
||||
sudo systemctl start ntfy
|
||||
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ Manually installing the .deb file:
|
||||
|
||||
=== "arm64"
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_linux_arm64.deb
|
||||
wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_linux_arm64.deb
|
||||
sudo dpkg -i ntfy_*.deb
|
||||
sudo systemctl enable ntfy
|
||||
sudo systemctl start ntfy
|
||||
@@ -144,28 +144,28 @@ Manually installing the .deb file:
|
||||
|
||||
=== "x86_64/amd64"
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_linux_amd64.rpm
|
||||
sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_linux_amd64.rpm
|
||||
sudo systemctl enable ntfy
|
||||
sudo systemctl start ntfy
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "armv6"
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_linux_armv6.rpm
|
||||
sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_linux_armv6.rpm
|
||||
sudo systemctl enable ntfy
|
||||
sudo systemctl start ntfy
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "armv7/armhf"
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_linux_armv7.rpm
|
||||
sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_linux_armv7.rpm
|
||||
sudo systemctl enable ntfy
|
||||
sudo systemctl start ntfy
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "arm64"
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_linux_arm64.rpm
|
||||
sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_linux_arm64.rpm
|
||||
sudo systemctl enable ntfy
|
||||
sudo systemctl start ntfy
|
||||
```
|
||||
@@ -195,18 +195,18 @@ NixOS also supports [declarative setup of the ntfy server](https://search.nixos.
|
||||
|
||||
## macOS
|
||||
The [ntfy CLI](subscribe/cli.md) (`ntfy publish` and `ntfy subscribe` only) is supported on macOS as well.
|
||||
To install, please [download the tarball](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_darwin_all.tar.gz),
|
||||
To install, please [download the tarball](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_darwin_all.tar.gz),
|
||||
extract it and place it somewhere in your `PATH` (e.g. `/usr/local/bin/ntfy`).
|
||||
|
||||
If run as `root`, ntfy will look for its config at `/etc/ntfy/client.yml`. For all other users, it'll look for it at
|
||||
`~/Library/Application Support/ntfy/client.yml` (sample included in the tarball).
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
curl -L https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_darwin_all.tar.gz > ntfy_2.11.0_darwin_all.tar.gz
|
||||
tar zxvf ntfy_2.11.0_darwin_all.tar.gz
|
||||
sudo cp -a ntfy_2.11.0_darwin_all/ntfy /usr/local/bin/ntfy
|
||||
curl -L https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_darwin_all.tar.gz > ntfy_2.12.0_darwin_all.tar.gz
|
||||
tar zxvf ntfy_2.12.0_darwin_all.tar.gz
|
||||
sudo cp -a ntfy_2.12.0_darwin_all/ntfy /usr/local/bin/ntfy
|
||||
mkdir ~/Library/Application\ Support/ntfy
|
||||
cp ntfy_2.11.0_darwin_all/client/client.yml ~/Library/Application\ Support/ntfy/client.yml
|
||||
cp ntfy_2.12.0_darwin_all/client/client.yml ~/Library/Application\ Support/ntfy/client.yml
|
||||
ntfy --help
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ brew install ntfy
|
||||
|
||||
## Windows
|
||||
The [ntfy CLI](subscribe/cli.md) (`ntfy publish` and `ntfy subscribe` only) is supported on Windows as well.
|
||||
To install, please [download the latest ZIP](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.11.0/ntfy_2.11.0_windows_amd64.zip),
|
||||
To install, please [download the latest ZIP](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.12.0/ntfy_2.12.0_windows_amd64.zip),
|
||||
extract it and place the `ntfy.exe` binary somewhere in your `%Path%`.
|
||||
|
||||
The default path for the client config file is at `%AppData%\ntfy\client.yml` (not created automatically, sample in the ZIP file).
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -40,12 +40,14 @@ I've added a ⭐ to projects or posts that have a significant following, or had
|
||||
- [HetrixTools](https://docs.hetrixtools.com/ntfy-sh-notifications/) - Uptime monitoring
|
||||
- [EasyMorph](https://help.easymorph.com/doku.php?id=transformations:sendntfymessage) - Visual data transformation and automation tool
|
||||
- [Monibot](https://monibot.io/) - Monibot monitors your websites, servers and applications and notifies you if something goes wrong.
|
||||
- [Miniflux](https://miniflux.app/docs/ntfy.html) - Minimalist and opinionated feed reader
|
||||
- [Beszel](https://beszel.dev/guide/notifications/ntfy) - Server monitoring platform
|
||||
|
||||
## Integration via HTTP/SMTP/etc.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Watchtower](https://containrrr.dev/watchtower/) ⭐ - Automating Docker container base image updates (see [integration example](examples.md#watchtower-shoutrrr))
|
||||
- [Jellyfin](https://jellyfin.org/) ⭐ - The Free Software Media System (see [integration example](examples.md#))
|
||||
- [Overseer](https://docs.overseerr.dev/using-overseerr/notifications/webhooks) ⭐ - a request management and media discovery tool for Plex (see [integration example](examples.md#jellyseerroverseerr-webhook))
|
||||
- [Overseerr](https://docs.overseerr.dev/using-overseerr/notifications/webhooks) ⭐ - a request management and media discovery tool for Plex (see [integration example](examples.md#jellyseerroverseerr-webhook))
|
||||
- [Tautulli](https://github.com/Tautulli/Tautulli) ⭐ - Monitoring and tracking tool for Plex (integration [via webhook](https://github.com/Tautulli/Tautulli/wiki/Notification-Agents-Guide#webhook))
|
||||
- [Mailrise](https://github.com/YoRyan/mailrise) - An SMTP gateway (integration via [Apprise](https://github.com/caronc/apprise/wiki/Notify_ntfy))
|
||||
- [Proxmox-Ntfy](https://github.com/qtsone/proxmox-ntfy) - Python script that monitors Proxmox tasks and sends notifications using the Ntfy service.
|
||||
@@ -83,7 +85,8 @@ I've added a ⭐ to projects or posts that have a significant following, or had
|
||||
## CLIs + GUIs
|
||||
|
||||
- [ntfy.sh.sh](https://github.com/mininmobile/ntfy.sh.sh) - Run scripts on ntfy.sh events
|
||||
- [ntfy Desktop client](https://codeberg.org/zvava/ntfy-desktop) - Cross-platform desktop application for ntfy
|
||||
- [ntfy-desktop](https://codeberg.org/zvava/ntfy-desktop) - Cross-platform desktop application for ntfy
|
||||
- [ntfy-desktop](https://github.com/Aetherinox/ntfy-desktop) - Desktop client for Windows, Linux, and MacOS with push notifications
|
||||
- [ntfy svelte front-end](https://github.com/novatorem/Ntfy) - Front-end built with svelte
|
||||
- [wio-ntfy-ticker](https://github.com/nachotp/wio-ntfy-ticker) - Ticker display for a ntfy.sh topic
|
||||
- [ntfysh-windows](https://github.com/lucas-bortoli/ntfysh-windows) - A ntfy client for Windows Desktop
|
||||
@@ -170,9 +173,19 @@ I've added a ⭐ to projects or posts that have a significant following, or had
|
||||
- [ntfy-me-mcp](https://github.com/gitmotion/ntfy-me-mcp) - An ntfy MCP server for sending/fetching ntfy notifications to your self-hosted ntfy server from AI Agents (supports secure token auth & more - use with npx or docker!) (Node/Typescript)
|
||||
- [InvaderInformant](https://github.com/patricksthannon/InvaderInformant) - Script for Mac OS systems that monitors new or dropped connections to your network using ntfy (Shell)
|
||||
- [NtfyPwsh](https://github.com/ptmorris1/NtfyPwsh) - PowerShell module to help send messages to ntfy (PowerShell)
|
||||
- [ntfyrr](https://github.com/leukosaima/ntfyrr) - Currently an Overseerr webhook notification to ntfy helper service.
|
||||
|
||||
## Blog + forum posts
|
||||
|
||||
- [Device notifications via HTTP with ntfy](https://alistairshepherd.uk/writing/ntfy/) - alistairshepherd.uk - 6/2025
|
||||
- [Notifications about (almost) anything with ntfy.sh](https://hamatti.org/posts/notifications-about-almost-anything-with-ntfy-sh/) - hamatti.org - 6/2025
|
||||
- [I set up a self-hosted notification service for everything, and I'll never look back](https://www.xda-developers.com/set-up-self-hosted-notification-service/) ⭐ - xda-developers.com - 5/2025
|
||||
- [How to Set Up Ntfy: Self-Hosted Push Notifications Made Easy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDJDiAYZ3H0) - youtube.com (sass drew) - 1/2025
|
||||
- [The NTFY is a game-changer FREE solution for IT people](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtlztHT-sRw) - youtube.com (Valters Tech Turf) - 1/2025
|
||||
- [Notify: A Powerful Tool for Real-Time Notifications (ntfy.sh)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXTTeVfGBz0) - youtube.com (LinuxCloudHacks) - 12/2025
|
||||
- [Push notifications with ntfy and n8n](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKG1R3xYvwQ) - youtube.com (Oskar) - 10/2024
|
||||
- [Setup ntfy for selfhosted notifications with Cloudflare Tunnel](https://medium.com/@svenvanginkel/setup-ntfy-for-selfhosted-notifications-with-cloudflare-tunnel-e342f470177d) - medium.com (Sven van Ginkel) - 10/2024
|
||||
- [Self-Host NTFY - How It Works & Easy Setup Guide](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79wHc_jfrJE) ⭐ - youtube.com (Techdox)- 9/2024
|
||||
- [ntfy / Emacs Lisp](https://speechcode.com/blog/ntfy/) - speechcode.com - 3/2024
|
||||
- [Boost Your Productivity with ntfy.sh: The Ultimate Notification Tool for Command-Line Users](https://dev.to/archetypal/boost-your-productivity-with-ntfysh-the-ultimate-notification-tool-for-command-line-users-iil) - dev.to - 3/2024
|
||||
- [Nextcloud Talk (F-Droid version) notifications using ntfy (ntfy.sh)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0a6PpfN5PD8) - youtube.com - 2/2024
|
||||
|
||||
110
docs/releases.md
110
docs/releases.md
@@ -2,6 +2,66 @@
|
||||
Binaries for all releases can be found on the GitHub releases pages for the [ntfy server](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases)
|
||||
and the [ntfy Android app](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-android/releases).
|
||||
|
||||
### ntfy server v2.12.0
|
||||
Released May 29, 2025
|
||||
|
||||
This is mainly a maintenance release that updates dependencies, though since it's been over a year, there are a few
|
||||
new features and bug fixes as well.
|
||||
|
||||
Thanks to everyone who contributed to this release, and special thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for his continued
|
||||
user support in Discord/Matrix/GitHub! You rock, man!
|
||||
|
||||
**Features:**
|
||||
|
||||
* Add username/password auth to email publishing ([#1164](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1164), thanks to [@bishtawi](https://github.com/bishtawi))
|
||||
* Write VAPID keys to file in `ntfy webpush --output-file` ([#1138](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1138), thanks to [@nogweii](https://github.com/nogweii))
|
||||
* Add Docker major/minor version to image tags ([#1271](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1271), thanks to [@RoboMagus](https://github.com/RoboMagus))
|
||||
* Add `latest` subscription param for grabbing just the most recent message ([#1216](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1216), thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8))
|
||||
* Allow using `NTFY_PASSWORD_HASH` in `ntfy user` command instead of raw password ([#1340](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1340), thanks to [@Tom-Hubrecht](https://github.com/Tom-Hubrecht) for implementing)
|
||||
* You can now change passwords via `v1/users` API ([#1267](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1267), thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for implementing)
|
||||
* Make WebPush subscription warning/expiry configurable, increase default to 55/60 days ([#1212](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1212), thanks to [@KuroSetsuna29](https://github.com/KuroSetsuna29))
|
||||
* Support [systemd user service](https://docs.ntfy.sh/subscribe/cli/#using-the-systemd-service) `ntfy-client.service` ([#1002](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1002), thanks to [@dandersch](https://github.com/dandersch))
|
||||
|
||||
**Bug fixes + maintenance:**
|
||||
|
||||
* Security updates for dependencies and Docker images ([#1341](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1341))
|
||||
* Upgrade to Vite 6 ([#1342](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1342), thanks Dependabot)
|
||||
* Fix iOS delivery issues for read-protected topics ([#1207](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1287), thanks a lot to [@barart](https://github.com/barart)!)
|
||||
* Add `Date` header to outgoing emails to avoid rejection ([#1141](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1141), thanks to [@pcouy](https://github.com/pcouy))
|
||||
* Fix IP address parsing when behind a proxy ([#1266](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1266), thanks to [@mmatuska](https://github.com/mmatuska))
|
||||
* Make sure UnifiedPush messages are not treated as attachments ([#1312](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1312), thanks to [@vkrause](https://github.com/vkrause))
|
||||
* Add OCI image version to Docker image ([#1307](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1307), thanks to [@jlssmt](https://github.com/jlssmt))
|
||||
* WebSocket returning incorrect HTTP error code ([#1338](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1338) / [#1337](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1337), thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for debugging and implementing)
|
||||
* Make Markdown in the web app scrollable horizontally ([#1262](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1262), thanks to [@rake5k](https://github.com/rake5k) for fixing)
|
||||
* Make sure WebPush subscription topics are actually deleted (no ticket)
|
||||
* Increase the number of access tokens per user to 60 ([#1308](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1308))
|
||||
* Allow specifying `cache` and `firebase` via JSON publishing ([#1119](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1119)/[#1123](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1123), thanks to [@stendler](https://github.com/stendler))
|
||||
|
||||
**Documentation:**
|
||||
|
||||
* Lots of new integrations and projects. Amazing!
|
||||
* [ntfy-me-mcp](https://github.com/gitmotion/ntfy-me-mcp)
|
||||
* [UptimeObserver](https://uptimeobserver.com)
|
||||
* [alertmanager-ntfy-relay](https://github.com/therobbielee/alertmanager-ntfy-relay)
|
||||
* [Monibot](https://monibot.io/)
|
||||
* [Daily_Fact_Ntfy](https://github.com/thiswillbeyourgithub/Daily_Fact_Ntfy)
|
||||
* [EasyMorph](https://help.easymorph.com/doku.php?id=transformations:sendntfymessage)
|
||||
* [ntfy-run](https://github.com/quantum5/ntfy-run)
|
||||
* [Clipboard IO](https://github.com/jim3692/clipboard-io)
|
||||
* [ntfy-me-mcp](https://github.com/gitmotion/ntfy-me-mcp)
|
||||
* [InvaderInformant](https://github.com/patricksthannon/InvaderInformant)
|
||||
* Various docs updates ([#1161](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1161), thanks to [@OneWeekNotice](https://github.com/OneWeekNotice))
|
||||
* Typo in config docs ([#1177](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1177), thanks to [@hoho4190](https://github.com/hoho4190))
|
||||
* Typo in CLI docs ([#1172](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1172), thanks to [@anirvan](https://github.com/anirvan))
|
||||
* Correction about MacroDroid ([#1137](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1137), thanks to [@ShlomoCode](https://github.com/ShlomoCode))
|
||||
* Note about fail2ban in Docker ([#1175](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1175)), thanks to [@Measurity](https://github.com/Measurity))
|
||||
* Lots of other tiny docs updates, thanks to everyone who contributed!
|
||||
|
||||
**Languages**
|
||||
|
||||
* Update new languages from Weblate. Thanks to all the contributors!
|
||||
* Added Tamil (தமிழ்) as a new language to the web app
|
||||
|
||||
### ntfy server v2.11.0
|
||||
Released May 13, 2024
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1373,56 +1433,6 @@ and the [ntfy Android app](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-android/release
|
||||
|
||||
## Not released yet
|
||||
|
||||
### ntfy server v2.12.0 (UNRELEASED)
|
||||
|
||||
**Features:**
|
||||
|
||||
* Add username/password auth to email publishing ([#1164](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1164), thanks to [@bishtawi](https://github.com/bishtawi))
|
||||
* Write VAPID keys to file in `ntfy webpush --output-file` ([#1138](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1138), thanks to [@nogweii](https://github.com/nogweii))
|
||||
* Add Docker major/minor version to image tags ([#1271](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1271), thanks to [@RoboMagus](https://github.com/RoboMagus))
|
||||
* Add `latest` subscription param for grabbing just the most recent message ([#1216](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1216), thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8))
|
||||
* Allow using `NTFY_PASSWORD_HASH` in `ntfy user` command instead of raw password ([#1340](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1340), thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for implementing)
|
||||
* You can now change passwords via `v1/users` API ([#1267](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1267), thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for implementing)
|
||||
* Make WebPush subscription warning/expiry configurable, increase default to 55/60 days ([#1212](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1212), thanks to [@KuroSetsuna29](https://github.com/KuroSetsuna29))
|
||||
|
||||
**Bug fixes + maintenance:**
|
||||
|
||||
* Security updates for dependencies and Docker images ([#1341](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1341))
|
||||
* Upgrade to Vite 6 ([#1342](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1342), thanks Dependabot)
|
||||
* Fix iOS delivery issues for read-protected topics ([#1207](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1287), thanks a lot to [@barart](https://github.com/barart)!)
|
||||
* Add `Date` header to outgoing emails to avoid rejection ([#1141](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1141), thanks to [@pcouy](https://github.com/pcouy))
|
||||
* Fix IP address parsing when behind a proxy ([#1266](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1266), thanks to [@mmatuska](https://github.com/mmatuska))
|
||||
* Make sure UnifiedPush messages are not treated as attachments ([#1312](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1312), thanks to [@vkrause](https://github.com/vkrause))
|
||||
* Add OCI image version to Docker image ([#1307](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1307), thanks to [@jlssmt](https://github.com/jlssmt))
|
||||
* WebSocket returning incorrect HTTP error code ([#1338](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1338) / [#1337](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1337), thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for debugging and implementing)
|
||||
* Make Markdown in the web app scrollable horizontally ([#1262](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1262), thanks to [@rake5k](https://github.com/rake5k) for fixing)
|
||||
* Make sure WebPush subscription topics are actually deleted (no ticket)
|
||||
|
||||
**Documentation:**
|
||||
|
||||
* Lots of new integrations and projects. Amazing!
|
||||
* [ntfy-me-mcp](https://github.com/gitmotion/ntfy-me-mcp)
|
||||
* [UptimeObserver](https://uptimeobserver.com)
|
||||
* [alertmanager-ntfy-relay](https://github.com/therobbielee/alertmanager-ntfy-relay)
|
||||
* [Monibot](https://monibot.io/)
|
||||
* [Daily_Fact_Ntfy](https://github.com/thiswillbeyourgithub/Daily_Fact_Ntfy)
|
||||
* [EasyMorph](https://help.easymorph.com/doku.php?id=transformations:sendntfymessage)
|
||||
* [ntfy-run](https://github.com/quantum5/ntfy-run)
|
||||
* [Clipboard IO](https://github.com/jim3692/clipboard-io)
|
||||
* [ntfy-me-mcp](https://github.com/gitmotion/ntfy-me-mcp)
|
||||
* [InvaderInformant](https://github.com/patricksthannon/InvaderInformant)
|
||||
* Various docs updates ([#1161](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1161), thanks to [@OneWeekNotice](https://github.com/OneWeekNotice))
|
||||
* Typo in config docs ([#1177](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1177), thanks to [@hoho4190](https://github.com/hoho4190))
|
||||
* Typo in CLI docs ([#1172](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1172), thanks to [@anirvan](https://github.com/anirvan))
|
||||
* Correction about MacroDroid ([#1137](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1137), thanks to [@ShlomoCode](https://github.com/ShlomoCode))
|
||||
* Note about fail2ban in Docker ([#1175](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1175)), thanks to [@Measurity](https://github.com/Measurity))
|
||||
* Lots of other tiny docs updates, tanks to everyone who contributed!
|
||||
|
||||
**Languages**
|
||||
|
||||
* Update new languages from Weblate. Thanks to all the contributors!
|
||||
* Added Tamil (தமிழ்) as a new language to the web app
|
||||
|
||||
### ntfy Android app v1.16.1 (UNRELEASED)
|
||||
|
||||
**Features:**
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -190,6 +190,10 @@ Here's an example config file that subscribes to three different topics, executi
|
||||
|
||||
=== "~/.config/ntfy/client.yml (Linux)"
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
default-host: https://ntfy.sh
|
||||
default-user: phill
|
||||
default-password: mypass
|
||||
|
||||
subscribe:
|
||||
- topic: echo-this
|
||||
command: 'echo "Message received: $message"'
|
||||
@@ -210,9 +214,12 @@ Here's an example config file that subscribes to three different topics, executi
|
||||
fi
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "~/Library/Application Support/ntfy/client.yml (macOS)"
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
default-host: https://ntfy.sh
|
||||
default-user: phill
|
||||
default-password: mypass
|
||||
|
||||
subscribe:
|
||||
- topic: echo-this
|
||||
command: 'echo "Message received: $message"'
|
||||
@@ -226,6 +233,10 @@ Here's an example config file that subscribes to three different topics, executi
|
||||
|
||||
=== "%AppData%\ntfy\client.yml (Windows)"
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
default-host: https://ntfy.sh
|
||||
default-user: phill
|
||||
default-password: mypass
|
||||
|
||||
subscribe:
|
||||
- topic: echo-this
|
||||
command: 'echo Message received: %message%'
|
||||
@@ -263,43 +274,31 @@ will be used, otherwise, the subscription settings will override the defaults.
|
||||
require authentication), be sure that the servers/topics you subscribe to use HTTPS to prevent leaking the username and password.
|
||||
|
||||
### Using the systemd service
|
||||
You can use the `ntfy-client` systemd service (see [ntfy-client.service](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/blob/main/client/ntfy-client.service))
|
||||
to subscribe to multiple topics just like in the example above. The service is automatically installed (but not started)
|
||||
if you install the deb/rpm package. To configure it, simply edit `/etc/ntfy/client.yml` and run `sudo systemctl restart ntfy-client`.
|
||||
You can use the `ntfy-client` systemd services to subscribe to multiple topics just like in the example above.
|
||||
|
||||
!!! info
|
||||
The `ntfy-client.service` runs as user `ntfy`, meaning that typical Linux permission restrictions apply. See below
|
||||
for how to fix this.
|
||||
You have the option of either enabling `ntfy-client` as a **system service** (see [here](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/blob/main/client/ntfy-client.service))
|
||||
or **user service** (see [here](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/blob/main/client/user/ntfy-client.service)). Neither system service nor user service are enabled or started by default, so you have to do that yourself.
|
||||
|
||||
If the service runs on your personal desktop machine, you may want to override the service user/group (`User=` and `Group=`), and
|
||||
adjust the `DISPLAY` and `DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS` environment variables. This will allow you to run commands in your X session
|
||||
as the primary machine user.
|
||||
|
||||
You can either manually override these systemd service entries with `sudo systemctl edit ntfy-client`, and add this
|
||||
(assuming your user is `phil`). Don't forget to run `sudo systemctl daemon-reload` and `sudo systemctl restart ntfy-client`
|
||||
after editing the service file:
|
||||
|
||||
=== "/etc/systemd/system/ntfy-client.service.d/override.conf"
|
||||
```
|
||||
[Service]
|
||||
User=phil
|
||||
Group=phil
|
||||
Environment="DISPLAY=:0" "DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/1000/bus"
|
||||
```
|
||||
Or you can run the following script that creates this override config for you:
|
||||
**System service:** The `ntfy-client` systemd system service runs as the `ntfy` user. When enabled, it is started at system boot. To configure it as a system
|
||||
service, edit `/etc/ntfy/client.yml` and then enable/start the service (as root), like so:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo sh -c 'cat > /etc/systemd/system/ntfy-client.service.d/override.conf' <<EOF
|
||||
[Service]
|
||||
User=$USER
|
||||
Group=$USER
|
||||
Environment="DISPLAY=:0" "DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/$(id -u)/bus"
|
||||
EOF
|
||||
|
||||
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
|
||||
sudo systemctl enable ntfy-client
|
||||
sudo systemctl restart ntfy-client
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The system service runs as user `ntfy`, meaning that typical Linux permission restrictions apply. It also means that the system service cannot run commands in your X session as the primary machine user (unlike the user service).
|
||||
|
||||
**User service:** The `ntfy-client` user service is run when the user logs into their desktop environment. To enable/start it, edit `~/.config/ntfy/client.yml` and
|
||||
run the following commands (without sudo!):
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
systemctl --user enable ntfy-client
|
||||
systemctl --user restart ntfy-client
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike the system service, the user service can interact with the user's desktop environment, and run commands like `notify-send` to display desktop notifications.
|
||||
It can also run commands that require access to the user's home directory, such as `gnome-calculator`.
|
||||
|
||||
### Authentication
|
||||
Depending on whether the server is configured to support [access control](../config.md#access-control), some topics
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ if [ "$1" = "configure" ] || [ "$1" -ge 1 ]; then
|
||||
fi
|
||||
fi
|
||||
if systemctl is-active -q ntfy-client.service; then
|
||||
echo "Restarting ntfy-client.service ..."
|
||||
echo "Restarting ntfy-client.service (system) ..."
|
||||
if [ -x /usr/bin/deb-systemd-invoke ]; then
|
||||
deb-systemd-invoke try-restart ntfy-client.service >/dev/null || true
|
||||
else
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1868,6 +1868,12 @@ func (s *Server) transformBodyJSON(next handleFunc) handleFunc {
|
||||
if m.Call != "" {
|
||||
r.Header.Set("X-Call", m.Call)
|
||||
}
|
||||
if m.Cache != "" {
|
||||
r.Header.Set("X-Cache", m.Cache)
|
||||
}
|
||||
if m.Firebase != "" {
|
||||
r.Header.Set("X-Firebase", m.Firebase)
|
||||
}
|
||||
return next(w, r, v)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
# Web Push support (background notifications for browsers)
|
||||
#
|
||||
# If enabled, allows ntfy to receive push notifications, even when the ntfy web app is closed. When enabled, users
|
||||
# If enabled, allows the ntfy web app to receive push notifications, even when the web app is closed. When enabled, users
|
||||
# can enable background notifications in the web app. Once enabled, ntfy will forward published messages to the push
|
||||
# endpoint, which will then forward it to the browser.
|
||||
#
|
||||
@@ -155,15 +155,19 @@
|
||||
#
|
||||
# - web-push-public-key is the generated VAPID public key, e.g. AA1234BBCCddvveekaabcdfqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm1234567890
|
||||
# - web-push-private-key is the generated VAPID private key, e.g. AA2BB1234567890abcdefzxcvbnm1234567890
|
||||
# - web-push-file is a database file to keep track of browser subscription endpoints, e.g. `/var/cache/ntfy/webpush.db`
|
||||
# - web-push-email-address is the admin email address send to the push provider, e.g. `sysadmin@example.com`
|
||||
# - web-push-file is a database file to keep track of browser subscription endpoints, e.g. /var/cache/ntfy/webpush.db
|
||||
# - web-push-email-address is the admin email address send to the push provider, e.g. sysadmin@example.com
|
||||
# - web-push-startup-queries is an optional list of queries to run on startup`
|
||||
# - web-push-expiry-warning-duration defines the duration after which unused subscriptions are sent a warning (default is 55d`)
|
||||
# - web-push-expiry-duration defines the duration after which unused subscriptions will expire (default is 60d)
|
||||
#
|
||||
# web-push-public-key:
|
||||
# web-push-private-key:
|
||||
# web-push-file:
|
||||
# web-push-email-address:
|
||||
# web-push-startup-queries:
|
||||
# web-push-expiry-warning-duration: "55d"
|
||||
# web-push-expiry-duration: "60d"
|
||||
|
||||
# If enabled, ntfy can perform voice calls via Twilio via the "X-Call" header.
|
||||
#
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -84,6 +84,22 @@ func TestServer_PublishWithFirebase(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
require.Equal(t, "my first message", sender.Messages()[0].APNS.Payload.CustomData["message"])
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func TestServer_PublishWithoutFirebase(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
sender := newTestFirebaseSender(10)
|
||||
s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfig(t))
|
||||
s.firebaseClient = newFirebaseClient(sender, &testAuther{Allow: true})
|
||||
|
||||
response := request(t, s, "PUT", "/mytopic", "my first message", map[string]string{
|
||||
"firebase": "no",
|
||||
})
|
||||
msg1 := toMessage(t, response.Body.String())
|
||||
require.NotEmpty(t, msg1.ID)
|
||||
require.Equal(t, "my first message", msg1.Message)
|
||||
|
||||
time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond) // Firebase publishing happens
|
||||
require.Equal(t, 0, len(sender.Messages()))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func TestServer_PublishWithFirebase_WithoutUsers_AndWithoutPanic(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
// This tests issue #641, which used to panic before the fix
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1684,6 +1700,35 @@ func TestServer_PublishAsJSON_WithActions(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
require.Equal(t, "target_temp_f=65", m.Actions[1].Body)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func TestServer_PublishAsJSON_NoCache(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfig(t))
|
||||
body := `{"topic":"mytopic","message": "this message is not cached","cache":"no"}`
|
||||
response := request(t, s, "PUT", "/", body, nil)
|
||||
msg := toMessage(t, response.Body.String())
|
||||
require.NotEmpty(t, msg.ID)
|
||||
require.Equal(t, "this message is not cached", msg.Message)
|
||||
require.Equal(t, int64(0), msg.Expires)
|
||||
|
||||
response = request(t, s, "GET", "/mytopic/json?poll=1", "", nil)
|
||||
messages := toMessages(t, response.Body.String())
|
||||
require.Empty(t, messages)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func TestServer_PublishAsJSON_WithoutFirebase(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
sender := newTestFirebaseSender(10)
|
||||
s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfig(t))
|
||||
s.firebaseClient = newFirebaseClient(sender, &testAuther{Allow: true})
|
||||
|
||||
body := `{"topic":"mytopic","message": "my first message","firebase":"no"}`
|
||||
response := request(t, s, "PUT", "/", body, nil)
|
||||
msg1 := toMessage(t, response.Body.String())
|
||||
require.NotEmpty(t, msg1.ID)
|
||||
require.Equal(t, "my first message", msg1.Message)
|
||||
|
||||
time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond) // Firebase publishing happens
|
||||
require.Equal(t, 0, len(sender.Messages()))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func TestServer_PublishAsJSON_Invalid(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfig(t))
|
||||
body := `{"topic":"mytopic",INVALID`
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -105,6 +105,8 @@ type publishMessage struct {
|
||||
Filename string `json:"filename"`
|
||||
Email string `json:"email"`
|
||||
Call string `json:"call"`
|
||||
Cache string `json:"cache"` // use string as it defaults to true (or use &bool instead)
|
||||
Firebase string `json:"firebase"` // use string as it defaults to true (or use &bool instead)
|
||||
Delay string `json:"delay"`
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ const (
|
||||
userHardDeleteAfterDuration = 7 * 24 * time.Hour
|
||||
tokenPrefix = "tk_"
|
||||
tokenLength = 32
|
||||
tokenMaxCount = 20 // Only keep this many tokens in the table per user
|
||||
tokenMaxCount = 60 // Only keep this many tokens in the table per user
|
||||
tag = "user_manager"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
|
||||
"time"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
const minBcryptTimingMillis = int64(50) // Ideally should be >100ms, but this should also run on a Raspberry Pi without massive resources
|
||||
const minBcryptTimingMillis = int64(40) // Ideally should be >100ms, but this should also run on a Raspberry Pi without massive resources
|
||||
|
||||
func TestManager_FullScenario_Default_DenyAll(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
a := newTestManagerFromFile(t, filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "user.db"), "", PermissionDenyAll, DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost, DefaultUserStatsQueueWriterInterval)
|
||||
@@ -678,10 +678,10 @@ func TestManager_Token_MaxCount_AutoDelete(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
require.NotEmpty(t, token.Value)
|
||||
philTokens = append(philTokens, token.Value)
|
||||
|
||||
// Create 22 tokens for ben (only 20 allowed!)
|
||||
// Create 62 tokens for ben (only 60 allowed!)
|
||||
baseTime := time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour)
|
||||
benTokens := make([]string, 0)
|
||||
for i := 0; i < 22; i++ { //
|
||||
for i := 0; i < 62; i++ { //
|
||||
token, err := a.CreateToken(ben.ID, "", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
|
||||
require.Nil(t, err)
|
||||
require.NotEmpty(t, token.Value)
|
||||
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ func TestManager_Token_MaxCount_AutoDelete(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
require.Equal(t, ErrUnauthenticated, err)
|
||||
|
||||
// Ben: The other tokens should still work
|
||||
for i := 2; i < 22; i++ {
|
||||
for i := 2; i < 62; i++ {
|
||||
userWithToken, err := a.AuthenticateToken(benTokens[i])
|
||||
require.Nil(t, err, "token[%d]=%s failed", i, benTokens[i])
|
||||
require.Equal(t, "ben", userWithToken.Name)
|
||||
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ func TestManager_Token_MaxCount_AutoDelete(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
require.Nil(t, err)
|
||||
require.True(t, rows.Next())
|
||||
require.Nil(t, rows.Scan(&benCount))
|
||||
require.Equal(t, 20, benCount)
|
||||
require.Equal(t, 60, benCount)
|
||||
|
||||
var philCount int
|
||||
rows, err = a.db.Query(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user_token WHERE user_id=?`, phil.ID)
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user