Fix tests

allow newlines in in-line go templates

Makefile

@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ cli-deps-update:
 	go get -u
 	go install honnef.co/go/tools/cmd/staticcheck@latest
 	go install golang.org/x/lint/golint@latest
-	go install github.com/goreleaser/goreleaser@latest
+	go install github.com/goreleaser/goreleaser/v2@latest
 
 cli-build-results:
 	cat dist/config.yaml

cmd/access.go

@@ -105,8 +105,10 @@ func changeAccess(c *cli.Context, manager *user.Manager, username string, topic
 		return err
 	}
 	u, err := manager.User(username)
-	if err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return err
 	} else if u.Role == user.RoleAdmin {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s is an admin user, access control entries have no effect", username)
 	}
@@ -114,13 +116,13 @@ func changeAccess(c *cli.Context, manager *user.Manager, username string, topic
 		return err
 	}
 	if permission.IsReadWrite() {
-		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "granted read-write access to topic %s\n\n", topic)
+		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "granted read-write access to topic %s\n\n", topic)
 	} else if permission.IsRead() {
-		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "granted read-only access to topic %s\n\n", topic)
+		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "granted read-only access to topic %s\n\n", topic)
 	} else if permission.IsWrite() {
-		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "granted write-only access to topic %s\n\n", topic)
+		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "granted write-only access to topic %s\n\n", topic)
 	} else {
-		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "revoked all access to topic %s\n\n", topic)
+		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "revoked all access to topic %s\n\n", topic)
 	}
 	return showUserAccess(c, manager, username)
 }
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ func resetAllAccess(c *cli.Context, manager *user.Manager) error {
 	if err := manager.ResetAccess("", ""); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintln(c.App.ErrWriter, "reset access for all users")
+	fmt.Fprintln(c.App.Writer, "reset access for all users")
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ func resetUserAccess(c *cli.Context, manager *user.Manager, username string) err
 	if err := manager.ResetAccess(username, ""); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "reset access for user %s\n\n", username)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "reset access for user %s\n\n", username)
 	return showUserAccess(c, manager, username)
 }
 
@@ -154,7 +156,7 @@ func resetUserTopicAccess(c *cli.Context, manager *user.Manager, username string
 	if err := manager.ResetAccess(username, topic); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "reset access for user %s and topic %s\n\n", username, topic)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "reset access for user %s and topic %s\n\n", username, topic)
 	return showUserAccess(c, manager, username)
 }
 
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@ func showAllAccess(c *cli.Context, manager *user.Manager) error {
 
 func showUserAccess(c *cli.Context, manager *user.Manager, username string) error {
 	users, err := manager.User(username)
-	if err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
 	} else if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -193,34 +195,42 @@ func showUsers(c *cli.Context, manager *user.Manager, users []*user.User) error
 		if u.Tier != nil {
 			tier = u.Tier.Name
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "user %s (role: %s, tier: %s)\n", u.Name, u.Role, tier)
+		provisioned := ""
+		if u.Provisioned {
+			provisioned = ", server config"
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "user %s (role: %s, tier: %s%s)\n", u.Name, u.Role, tier, provisioned)
 		if u.Role == user.RoleAdmin {
-			fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- read-write access to all topics (admin role)\n")
+			fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- read-write access to all topics (admin role)\n")
 		} else if len(grants) > 0 {
 			for _, grant := range grants {
-				if grant.Allow.IsReadWrite() {
-					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- read-write access to topic %s\n", grant.TopicPattern)
-				} else if grant.Allow.IsRead() {
-					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- read-only access to topic %s\n", grant.TopicPattern)
-				} else if grant.Allow.IsWrite() {
-					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- write-only access to topic %s\n", grant.TopicPattern)
+				grantProvisioned := ""
+				if grant.Provisioned {
+					grantProvisioned = " (server config)"
+				}
+				if grant.Permission.IsReadWrite() {
+					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- read-write access to topic %s%s\n", grant.TopicPattern, grantProvisioned)
+				} else if grant.Permission.IsRead() {
+					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- read-only access to topic %s%s\n", grant.TopicPattern, grantProvisioned)
+				} else if grant.Permission.IsWrite() {
+					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- write-only access to topic %s%s\n", grant.TopicPattern, grantProvisioned)
 				} else {
-					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- no access to topic %s\n", grant.TopicPattern)
+					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- no access to topic %s%s\n", grant.TopicPattern, grantProvisioned)
 				}
 			}
 		} else {
-			fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- no topic-specific permissions\n")
+			fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- no topic-specific permissions\n")
 		}
 		if u.Name == user.Everyone {
 			access := manager.DefaultAccess()
 			if access.IsReadWrite() {
-				fmt.Fprintln(c.App.ErrWriter, "- read-write access to all (other) topics (server config)")
+				fmt.Fprintln(c.App.Writer, "- read-write access to all (other) topics (server config)")
 			} else if access.IsRead() {
-				fmt.Fprintln(c.App.ErrWriter, "- read-only access to all (other) topics (server config)")
+				fmt.Fprintln(c.App.Writer, "- read-only access to all (other) topics (server config)")
 			} else if access.IsWrite() {
-				fmt.Fprintln(c.App.ErrWriter, "- write-only access to all (other) topics (server config)")
+				fmt.Fprintln(c.App.Writer, "- write-only access to all (other) topics (server config)")
 			} else {
-				fmt.Fprintln(c.App.ErrWriter, "- no access to any (other) topics (server config)")
+				fmt.Fprintln(c.App.Writer, "- no access to any (other) topics (server config)")
 			}
 		}
 	}

cmd/access_test.go

@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ func TestCLI_Access_Show(t *testing.T) {
 	s, conf, port := newTestServerWithAuth(t)
 	defer test.StopServer(t, s, port)
 
-	app, _, _, stderr := newTestApp()
+	app, _, stdout, _ := newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runAccessCommand(app, conf))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "user * (role: anonymous, tier: none)\n- no topic-specific permissions\n- no access to any (other) topics (server config)")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "user * (role: anonymous, tier: none)\n- no topic-specific permissions\n- no access to any (other) topics (server config)")
 }
 
 func TestCLI_Access_Grant_And_Publish(t *testing.T) {
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func TestCLI_Access_Grant_And_Publish(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Nil(t, runAccessCommand(app, conf, "ben", "sometopic", "read"))
 	require.Nil(t, runAccessCommand(app, conf, "everyone", "announcements", "read"))
 
-	app, _, _, stderr := newTestApp()
+	app, _, stdout, _ := newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runAccessCommand(app, conf))
 	expected := `user phil (role: admin, tier: none)
 - read-write access to all topics (admin role)
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ user * (role: anonymous, tier: none)
 - read-only access to topic announcements
 - no access to any (other) topics (server config)
 `
-	require.Equal(t, expected, stderr.String())
+	require.Equal(t, expected, stdout.String())
 
 	// See if access permissions match
 	app, _, _, _ = newTestApp()

cmd/serve.go

@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@ var flagsServe = append(
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "auth-file", Aliases: []string{"auth_file", "H"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_FILE"}, Usage: "auth database file used for access control"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "auth-startup-queries", Aliases: []string{"auth_startup_queries"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_STARTUP_QUERIES"}, Usage: "queries run when the auth database is initialized"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "auth-default-access", Aliases: []string{"auth_default_access", "p"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_DEFAULT_ACCESS"}, Value: "read-write", Usage: "default permissions if no matching entries in the auth database are found"}),
+	altsrc.NewStringSliceFlag(&cli.StringSliceFlag{Name: "auth-users", Aliases: []string{"auth_users"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_USERS"}, Usage: "pre-provisioned declarative users"}),
+	altsrc.NewStringSliceFlag(&cli.StringSliceFlag{Name: "auth-access", Aliases: []string{"auth_access"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_ACCESS"}, Usage: "pre-provisioned declarative access control entries"}),
+	altsrc.NewStringSliceFlag(&cli.StringSliceFlag{Name: "auth-tokens", Aliases: []string{"auth_tokens"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_TOKENS"}, Usage: "pre-provisioned declarative access tokens"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "attachment-cache-dir", Aliases: []string{"attachment_cache_dir"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_ATTACHMENT_CACHE_DIR"}, Usage: "cache directory for attached files"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "attachment-total-size-limit", Aliases: []string{"attachment_total_size_limit", "A"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_ATTACHMENT_TOTAL_SIZE_LIMIT"}, Value: util.FormatSize(server.DefaultAttachmentTotalSizeLimit), Usage: "limit of the on-disk attachment cache"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "attachment-file-size-limit", Aliases: []string{"attachment_file_size_limit", "Y"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_ATTACHMENT_FILE_SIZE_LIMIT"}, Value: util.FormatSize(server.DefaultAttachmentFileSizeLimit), Usage: "per-file attachment size limit (e.g. 300k, 2M, 100M)"}),
@@ -154,6 +157,9 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 	authFile := c.String("auth-file")
 	authStartupQueries := c.String("auth-startup-queries")
 	authDefaultAccess := c.String("auth-default-access")
+	authUsersRaw := c.StringSlice("auth-users")
+	authAccessRaw := c.StringSlice("auth-access")
+	authTokensRaw := c.StringSlice("auth-tokens")
 	attachmentCacheDir := c.String("attachment-cache-dir")
 	attachmentTotalSizeLimitStr := c.String("attachment-total-size-limit")
 	attachmentFileSizeLimitStr := c.String("attachment-file-size-limit")
@@ -344,11 +350,23 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 		webRoot = "/" + webRoot
 	}
 
-	// Default auth permissions
+	// Convert default auth permission, read provisioned users
 	authDefault, err := user.ParsePermission(authDefaultAccess)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.New("if set, auth-default-access must start set to 'read-write', 'read-only', 'write-only' or 'deny-all'")
 	}
+	authUsers, err := parseUsers(authUsersRaw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	authAccess, err := parseAccess(authUsers, authAccessRaw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	authTokens, err := parseTokens(authUsers, authTokensRaw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 
 	// Special case: Unset default
 	if listenHTTP == "-" {
@@ -404,6 +422,9 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 	conf.AuthFile = authFile
 	conf.AuthStartupQueries = authStartupQueries
 	conf.AuthDefault = authDefault
+	conf.AuthUsers = authUsers
+	conf.AuthAccess = authAccess
+	conf.AuthTokens = authTokens
 	conf.AttachmentCacheDir = attachmentCacheDir
 	conf.AttachmentTotalSizeLimit = attachmentTotalSizeLimit
 	conf.AttachmentFileSizeLimit = attachmentFileSizeLimit
@@ -517,6 +538,112 @@ func parseIPHostPrefix(host string) (prefixes []netip.Prefix, err error) {
 	return
 }
 
+func parseUsers(usersRaw []string) ([]*user.User, error) {
+	users := make([]*user.User, 0)
+	for _, userLine := range usersRaw {
+		parts := strings.Split(userLine, ":")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-users: %s, expected format: 'name:hash:role'", userLine)
+		}
+		username := strings.TrimSpace(parts[0])
+		passwordHash := strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
+		role := user.Role(strings.TrimSpace(parts[2]))
+		if !user.AllowedUsername(username) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-users: %s, username invalid", userLine)
+		} else if err := user.ValidPasswordHash(passwordHash); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-users: %s, %s", userLine, err.Error())
+		} else if !user.AllowedRole(role) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-users: %s, role %s is not allowed, allowed roles are 'admin' or 'user'", userLine, role)
+		}
+		users = append(users, &user.User{
+			Name:        username,
+			Hash:        passwordHash,
+			Role:        role,
+			Provisioned: true,
+		})
+	}
+	return users, nil
+}
+
+func parseAccess(users []*user.User, accessRaw []string) (map[string][]*user.Grant, error) {
+	access := make(map[string][]*user.Grant)
+	for _, accessLine := range accessRaw {
+		parts := strings.Split(accessLine, ":")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-access: %s, expected format: 'user:topic:permission'", accessLine)
+		}
+		username := strings.TrimSpace(parts[0])
+		if username == userEveryone {
+			username = user.Everyone
+		}
+		u, exists := util.Find(users, func(u *user.User) bool {
+			return u.Name == username
+		})
+		if username != user.Everyone {
+			if !exists {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-access: %s, user %s is not provisioned", accessLine, username)
+			} else if !user.AllowedUsername(username) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-access: %s, username %s invalid", accessLine, username)
+			} else if u.Role != user.RoleUser {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-access: %s, user %s is not a regular user, only regular users can have ACL entries", accessLine, username)
+			}
+		}
+		topic := strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
+		if !user.AllowedTopicPattern(topic) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-access: %s, topic pattern %s invalid", accessLine, topic)
+		}
+		permission, err := user.ParsePermission(strings.TrimSpace(parts[2]))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-access: %s, permission %s invalid, %s", accessLine, parts[2], err.Error())
+		}
+		if _, exists := access[username]; !exists {
+			access[username] = make([]*user.Grant, 0)
+		}
+		access[username] = append(access[username], &user.Grant{
+			TopicPattern: topic,
+			Permission:   permission,
+			Provisioned:  true,
+		})
+	}
+	return access, nil
+}
+
+func parseTokens(users []*user.User, tokensRaw []string) (map[string][]*user.Token, error) {
+	tokens := make(map[string][]*user.Token)
+	for _, tokenLine := range tokensRaw {
+		parts := strings.Split(tokenLine, ":")
+		if len(parts) < 2 || len(parts) > 3 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-tokens: %s, expected format: 'user:token[:label]'", tokenLine)
+		}
+		username := strings.TrimSpace(parts[0])
+		_, exists := util.Find(users, func(u *user.User) bool {
+			return u.Name == username
+		})
+		if !exists {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-tokens: %s, user %s is not provisioned", tokenLine, username)
+		} else if !user.AllowedUsername(username) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-tokens: %s, username %s invalid", tokenLine, username)
+		}
+		token := strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
+		if !user.ValidToken(token) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-tokens: %s, token %s invalid, use 'ntfy token generate' to generate a random token", tokenLine, token)
+		}
+		var label string
+		if len(parts) > 2 {
+			label = parts[2]
+		}
+		if _, exists := tokens[username]; !exists {
+			tokens[username] = make([]*user.Token, 0)
+		}
+		tokens[username] = append(tokens[username], &user.Token{
+			Value:       token,
+			Label:       label,
+			Provisioned: true,
+		})
+	}
+	return tokens, nil
+}
+
 func reloadLogLevel(inputSource altsrc.InputSourceContext) error {
 	newLevelStr, err := inputSource.String("log-level")
 	if err != nil {

cmd/serve_test.go

@@ -14,9 +14,461 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/client"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/test"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
 )
 
+func TestParseUsers_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		input    []string
+		expected []*user.User
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "single user",
+			input: []string{"alice:$2a$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz:user"},
+			expected: []*user.User{
+				{
+					Name:        "alice",
+					Hash:        "$2a$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",
+					Role:        user.RoleUser,
+					Provisioned: true,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "multiple users with different roles",
+			input: []string{
+				"alice:$2a$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz:user",
+				"bob:$2b$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz:admin",
+			},
+			expected: []*user.User{
+				{
+					Name:        "alice",
+					Hash:        "$2a$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",
+					Role:        user.RoleUser,
+					Provisioned: true,
+				},
+				{
+					Name:        "bob",
+					Hash:        "$2b$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",
+					Role:        user.RoleAdmin,
+					Provisioned: true,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "empty input",
+			input:    []string{},
+			expected: []*user.User{},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "user with special characters in name",
+			input: []string{"alice.test+123@example.com:$2y$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz:user"},
+			expected: []*user.User{
+				{
+					Name:        "alice.test+123@example.com",
+					Hash:        "$2y$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",
+					Role:        user.RoleUser,
+					Provisioned: true,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result, err := parseUsers(tt.input)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Len(t, result, len(tt.expected))
+
+			for i, expectedUser := range tt.expected {
+				assert.Equal(t, expectedUser.Name, result[i].Name)
+				assert.Equal(t, expectedUser.Hash, result[i].Hash)
+				assert.Equal(t, expectedUser.Role, result[i].Role)
+				assert.Equal(t, expectedUser.Provisioned, result[i].Provisioned)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseUsers_Errors(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input []string
+		error string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "invalid format - too few parts",
+			input: []string{"alice:hash"},
+			error: "invalid auth-users: alice:hash, expected format: 'name:hash:role'",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "invalid format - too many parts",
+			input: []string{"alice:hash:role:extra"},
+			error: "invalid auth-users: alice:hash:role:extra, expected format: 'name:hash:role'",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "invalid username",
+			input: []string{"alice@#$%:$2a$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz:user"},
+			error: "invalid auth-users: alice@#$%:$2a$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz:user, username invalid",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "invalid password hash - wrong prefix",
+			input: []string{"alice:plaintext:user"},
+			error: "invalid auth-users: alice:plaintext:user, password hash but be a bcrypt hash, use 'ntfy user hash' to generate",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "invalid role",
+			input: []string{"alice:$2a$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz:invalid"},
+			error: "invalid auth-users: alice:$2a$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz:invalid, role invalid is not allowed, allowed roles are 'admin' or 'user'",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "empty username",
+			input: []string{":$2a$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz:user"},
+			error: "invalid auth-users: :$2a$10$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz:user, username invalid",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result, err := parseUsers(tt.input)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			require.Nil(t, result)
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.error)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseAccess_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	users := []*user.User{
+		{Name: "alice", Role: user.RoleUser},
+		{Name: "bob", Role: user.RoleUser},
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		users    []*user.User
+		input    []string
+		expected map[string][]*user.Grant
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "single access entry",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice:mytopic:read-write"},
+			expected: map[string][]*user.Grant{
+				"alice": {
+					{
+						TopicPattern: "mytopic",
+						Permission:   user.PermissionReadWrite,
+						Provisioned:  true,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "multiple access entries for same user",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{
+				"alice:topic1:read-only",
+				"alice:topic2:write-only",
+			},
+			expected: map[string][]*user.Grant{
+				"alice": {
+					{
+						TopicPattern: "topic1",
+						Permission:   user.PermissionRead,
+						Provisioned:  true,
+					},
+					{
+						TopicPattern: "topic2",
+						Permission:   user.PermissionWrite,
+						Provisioned:  true,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "access for everyone",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"everyone:publictopic:read-only"},
+			expected: map[string][]*user.Grant{
+				user.Everyone: {
+					{
+						TopicPattern: "publictopic",
+						Permission:   user.PermissionRead,
+						Provisioned:  true,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "wildcard topic pattern",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice:topic*:read-write"},
+			expected: map[string][]*user.Grant{
+				"alice": {
+					{
+						TopicPattern: "topic*",
+						Permission:   user.PermissionReadWrite,
+						Provisioned:  true,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "empty input",
+			users:    users,
+			input:    []string{},
+			expected: map[string][]*user.Grant{},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "deny-all permission",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice:secretopic:deny-all"},
+			expected: map[string][]*user.Grant{
+				"alice": {
+					{
+						TopicPattern: "secretopic",
+						Permission:   user.PermissionDenyAll,
+						Provisioned:  true,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result, err := parseAccess(tt.users, tt.input)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseAccess_Errors(t *testing.T) {
+	users := []*user.User{
+		{Name: "alice", Role: user.RoleUser},
+		{Name: "admin", Role: user.RoleAdmin},
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		users []*user.User
+		input []string
+		error string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "invalid format - too few parts",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice:topic"},
+			error: "invalid auth-access: alice:topic, expected format: 'user:topic:permission'",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "invalid format - too many parts",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice:topic:read:extra"},
+			error: "invalid auth-access: alice:topic:read:extra, expected format: 'user:topic:permission'",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "user not provisioned",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"charlie:topic:read"},
+			error: "invalid auth-access: charlie:topic:read, user charlie is not provisioned",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "admin user cannot have ACL entries",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"admin:topic:read"},
+			error: "invalid auth-access: admin:topic:read, user admin is not a regular user, only regular users can have ACL entries",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "invalid topic pattern",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice:topic-with-invalid-chars!:read"},
+			error: "invalid auth-access: alice:topic-with-invalid-chars!:read, topic pattern topic-with-invalid-chars! invalid",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "invalid permission",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice:topic:invalid-permission"},
+			error: "invalid auth-access: alice:topic:invalid-permission, permission invalid-permission invalid",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result, err := parseAccess(tt.users, tt.input)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			require.Nil(t, result)
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.error)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseTokens_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	users := []*user.User{
+		{Name: "alice"},
+		{Name: "bob"},
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		users    []*user.User
+		input    []string
+		expected map[string][]*user.Token
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "single token without label",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice:tk_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz123"},
+			expected: map[string][]*user.Token{
+				"alice": {
+					{
+						Value:       "tk_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz123",
+						Label:       "",
+						Provisioned: true,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "single token with label",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice:tk_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz123:My Phone"},
+			expected: map[string][]*user.Token{
+				"alice": {
+					{
+						Value:       "tk_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz123",
+						Label:       "My Phone",
+						Provisioned: true,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "multiple tokens for same user",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{
+				"alice:tk_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz123:Phone",
+				"alice:tk_zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba987:Laptop",
+			},
+			expected: map[string][]*user.Token{
+				"alice": {
+					{
+						Value:       "tk_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz123",
+						Label:       "Phone",
+						Provisioned: true,
+					},
+					{
+						Value:       "tk_zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba987",
+						Label:       "Laptop",
+						Provisioned: true,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "tokens for multiple users",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{
+				"alice:tk_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz123:Phone",
+				"bob:tk_zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba987:Tablet",
+			},
+			expected: map[string][]*user.Token{
+				"alice": {
+					{
+						Value:       "tk_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz123",
+						Label:       "Phone",
+						Provisioned: true,
+					},
+				},
+				"bob": {
+					{
+						Value:       "tk_zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba987",
+						Label:       "Tablet",
+						Provisioned: true,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "empty input",
+			users:    users,
+			input:    []string{},
+			expected: map[string][]*user.Token{},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result, err := parseTokens(tt.users, tt.input)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseTokens_Errors(t *testing.T) {
+	users := []*user.User{
+		{Name: "alice"},
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		users []*user.User
+		input []string
+		error string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "invalid format - too few parts",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice"},
+			error: "invalid auth-tokens: alice, expected format: 'user:token[:label]'",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "invalid format - too many parts",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice:token:label:extra:parts"},
+			error: "invalid auth-tokens: alice:token:label:extra:parts, expected format: 'user:token[:label]'",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "user not provisioned",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"charlie:tk_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz123"},
+			error: "invalid auth-tokens: charlie:tk_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz123, user charlie is not provisioned",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "invalid token format",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice:invalid-token"},
+			error: "invalid auth-tokens: alice:invalid-token, token invalid-token invalid, use 'ntfy token generate' to generate a random token",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "token too short",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice:tk_short"},
+			error: "invalid auth-tokens: alice:tk_short, token tk_short invalid, use 'ntfy token generate' to generate a random token",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "token without prefix",
+			users: users,
+			input: []string{"alice:abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz12345"},
+			error: "invalid auth-tokens: alice:abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz12345, token abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz12345 invalid, use 'ntfy token generate' to generate a random token",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result, err := parseTokens(tt.users, tt.input)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			require.Nil(t, result)
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.error)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCLI_Serve_Unix_Curl(t *testing.T) {
 	sockFile := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "ntfy.sock")
 	configFile := newEmptyFile(t) // Avoid issues with existing server.yml file on system

cmd/tier.go

@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ func execTierAdd(c *cli.Context) error {
 	}
 	if tier, _ := manager.Tier(code); tier != nil {
 		if c.Bool("ignore-exists") {
-			fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "tier %s already exists (exited successfully)\n", code)
+			fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "tier %s already exists (exited successfully)\n", code)
 			return nil
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("tier %s already exists", code)
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ func execTierAdd(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "tier added\n\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "tier added\n\n")
 	printTier(c, tier)
 	return nil
 }
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ func execTierChange(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err := manager.UpdateTier(tier); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "tier updated\n\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "tier updated\n\n")
 	printTier(c, tier)
 	return nil
 }
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ func execTierDel(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err := manager.RemoveTier(code); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "tier %s removed\n", code)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "tier %s removed\n", code)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -359,16 +359,16 @@ func printTier(c *cli.Context, tier *user.Tier) {
 	if tier.StripeMonthlyPriceID != "" && tier.StripeYearlyPriceID != "" {
 		prices = fmt.Sprintf("%s / %s", tier.StripeMonthlyPriceID, tier.StripeYearlyPriceID)
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "tier %s (id: %s)\n", tier.Code, tier.ID)
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- Name: %s\n", tier.Name)
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- Message limit: %d\n", tier.MessageLimit)
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- Message expiry duration: %s (%d seconds)\n", tier.MessageExpiryDuration.String(), int64(tier.MessageExpiryDuration.Seconds()))
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- Email limit: %d\n", tier.EmailLimit)
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- Phone call limit: %d\n", tier.CallLimit)
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- Reservation limit: %d\n", tier.ReservationLimit)
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- Attachment file size limit: %s\n", util.FormatSizeHuman(tier.AttachmentFileSizeLimit))
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- Attachment total size limit: %s\n", util.FormatSizeHuman(tier.AttachmentTotalSizeLimit))
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- Attachment expiry duration: %s (%d seconds)\n", tier.AttachmentExpiryDuration.String(), int64(tier.AttachmentExpiryDuration.Seconds()))
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- Attachment daily bandwidth limit: %s\n", util.FormatSizeHuman(tier.AttachmentBandwidthLimit))
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- Stripe prices (monthly/yearly): %s\n", prices)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "tier %s (id: %s)\n", tier.Code, tier.ID)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- Name: %s\n", tier.Name)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- Message limit: %d\n", tier.MessageLimit)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- Message expiry duration: %s (%d seconds)\n", tier.MessageExpiryDuration.String(), int64(tier.MessageExpiryDuration.Seconds()))
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- Email limit: %d\n", tier.EmailLimit)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- Phone call limit: %d\n", tier.CallLimit)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- Reservation limit: %d\n", tier.ReservationLimit)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- Attachment file size limit: %s\n", util.FormatSizeHuman(tier.AttachmentFileSizeLimit))
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- Attachment total size limit: %s\n", util.FormatSizeHuman(tier.AttachmentTotalSizeLimit))
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- Attachment expiry duration: %s (%d seconds)\n", tier.AttachmentExpiryDuration.String(), int64(tier.AttachmentExpiryDuration.Seconds()))
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- Attachment daily bandwidth limit: %s\n", util.FormatSizeHuman(tier.AttachmentBandwidthLimit))
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- Stripe prices (monthly/yearly): %s\n", prices)
 }

cmd/tier_test.go

@@ -12,21 +12,21 @@ func TestCLI_Tier_AddListChangeDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	s, conf, port := newTestServerWithAuth(t)
 	defer test.StopServer(t, s, port)
 
-	app, _, _, stderr := newTestApp()
+	app, _, stdout, _ := newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runTierCommand(app, conf, "add", "--name", "Pro", "--message-limit", "1234", "pro"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "tier added\n\ntier pro (id: ti_")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "tier added\n\ntier pro (id: ti_")
 
 	err := runTierCommand(app, conf, "add", "pro")
 	require.NotNil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, "tier pro already exists", err.Error())
 
-	app, _, _, stderr = newTestApp()
+	app, _, stdout, _ = newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runTierCommand(app, conf, "list"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "tier pro (id: ti_")
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "- Name: Pro")
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "- Message limit: 1234")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "tier pro (id: ti_")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "- Name: Pro")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "- Message limit: 1234")
 
-	app, _, _, stderr = newTestApp()
+	app, _, stdout, _ = newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runTierCommand(app, conf, "change",
 		"--message-limit=999",
 		"--message-expiry-duration=2d",
@@ -40,18 +40,18 @@ func TestCLI_Tier_AddListChangeDelete(t *testing.T) {
 		"--stripe-yearly-price-id=price_992",
 		"pro",
 	))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "- Message limit: 999")
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "- Message expiry duration: 48h")
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "- Email limit: 91")
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "- Reservation limit: 98")
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "- Attachment file size limit: 100.0 MB")
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "- Attachment expiry duration: 24h")
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "- Attachment total size limit: 10.0 GB")
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "- Stripe prices (monthly/yearly): price_991 / price_992")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "- Message limit: 999")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "- Message expiry duration: 48h")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "- Email limit: 91")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "- Reservation limit: 98")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "- Attachment file size limit: 100.0 MB")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "- Attachment expiry duration: 24h")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "- Attachment total size limit: 10.0 GB")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "- Stripe prices (monthly/yearly): price_991 / price_992")
 
-	app, _, _, stderr = newTestApp()
+	app, _, stdout, _ = newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runTierCommand(app, conf, "remove", "pro"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "tier pro removed")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "tier pro removed")
 }
 
 func runTierCommand(app *cli.App, conf *server.Config, args ...string) error {

cmd/token.go

@@ -72,6 +72,15 @@ Example:
 This is a server-only command. It directly reads from user.db as defined in the server config
 file server.yml. The command only works if 'auth-file' is properly defined.`,
 		},
+		{
+			Name:   "generate",
+			Usage:  "Generates a random token",
+			Action: execTokenGenerate,
+			Description: `Randomly generate a token to be used in provisioned tokens.
+
+This command only generates the token value, but does not persist it anywhere.
+The output can be used in the 'auth-tokens' config option.`,
+		},
 	},
 	Description: `Manage access tokens for individual users.
 
@@ -112,19 +121,19 @@ func execTokenAdd(c *cli.Context) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	u, err := manager.User(username)
-	if err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
 	} else if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	token, err := manager.CreateToken(u.ID, label, expires, netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	token, err := manager.CreateToken(u.ID, label, expires, netip.IPv4Unspecified(), false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if expires.Unix() == 0 {
-		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "token %s created for user %s, never expires\n", token.Value, u.Name)
+		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "token %s created for user %s, never expires\n", token.Value, u.Name)
 	} else {
-		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "token %s created for user %s, expires %v\n", token.Value, u.Name, expires.Format(time.UnixDate))
+		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "token %s created for user %s, expires %v\n", token.Value, u.Name, expires.Format(time.UnixDate))
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -141,7 +150,7 @@ func execTokenDel(c *cli.Context) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	u, err := manager.User(username)
-	if err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
 	} else if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -149,7 +158,7 @@ func execTokenDel(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err := manager.RemoveToken(u.ID, token); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "token %s for user %s removed\n", token, username)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "token %s for user %s removed\n", token, username)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -165,7 +174,7 @@ func execTokenList(c *cli.Context) error {
 	var users []*user.User
 	if username != "" {
 		u, err := manager.User(username)
-		if err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+		if errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
 		} else if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -183,15 +192,15 @@ func execTokenList(c *cli.Context) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		} else if len(tokens) == 0 && username != "" {
-			fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "user %s has no access tokens\n", username)
+			fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "user %s has no access tokens\n", username)
 			return nil
 		} else if len(tokens) == 0 {
 			continue
 		}
 		usersWithTokens++
-		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "user %s\n", u.Name)
+		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "user %s\n", u.Name)
 		for _, t := range tokens {
-			var label, expires string
+			var label, expires, provisioned string
 			if t.Label != "" {
 				label = fmt.Sprintf(" (%s)", t.Label)
 			}
@@ -200,11 +209,19 @@ func execTokenList(c *cli.Context) error {
 			} else {
 				expires = fmt.Sprintf("expires %s", t.Expires.Format(time.RFC822))
 			}
-			fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- %s%s, %s, accessed from %s at %s\n", t.Value, label, expires, t.LastOrigin.String(), t.LastAccess.Format(time.RFC822))
+			if t.Provisioned {
+				provisioned = " (server config)"
+			}
+			fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "- %s%s, %s, accessed from %s at %s%s\n", t.Value, label, expires, t.LastOrigin.String(), t.LastAccess.Format(time.RFC822), provisioned)
 		}
 	}
 	if usersWithTokens == 0 {
-		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "no users with tokens\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "no users with tokens\n")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+func execTokenGenerate(c *cli.Context) error {
+	fmt.Fprintln(c.App.Writer, user.GenerateToken())
+	return nil
+}

cmd/token_test.go

@@ -14,28 +14,28 @@ func TestCLI_Token_AddListRemove(t *testing.T) {
 	s, conf, port := newTestServerWithAuth(t)
 	defer test.StopServer(t, s, port)
 
-	app, stdin, _, stderr := newTestApp()
+	app, stdin, stdout, _ := newTestApp()
 	stdin.WriteString("mypass\nmypass")
 	require.Nil(t, runUserCommand(app, conf, "add", "phil"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "user phil added with role user")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "user phil added with role user")
 
-	app, _, _, stderr = newTestApp()
+	app, _, stdout, _ = newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runTokenCommand(app, conf, "add", "phil"))
-	require.Regexp(t, `token tk_.+ created for user phil, never expires`, stderr.String())
+	require.Regexp(t, `token tk_.+ created for user phil, never expires`, stdout.String())
 
-	app, _, _, stderr = newTestApp()
+	app, _, stdout, _ = newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runTokenCommand(app, conf, "list", "phil"))
-	require.Regexp(t, `user phil\n- tk_.+, never expires, accessed from 0.0.0.0 at .+`, stderr.String())
+	require.Regexp(t, `user phil\n- tk_.+, never expires, accessed from 0.0.0.0 at .+`, stdout.String())
 	re := regexp.MustCompile(`tk_\w+`)
-	token := re.FindString(stderr.String())
+	token := re.FindString(stdout.String())
 
-	app, _, _, stderr = newTestApp()
+	app, _, stdout, _ = newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runTokenCommand(app, conf, "remove", "phil", token))
-	require.Regexp(t, fmt.Sprintf("token %s for user phil removed", token), stderr.String())
+	require.Regexp(t, fmt.Sprintf("token %s for user phil removed", token), stdout.String())
 
-	app, _, _, stderr = newTestApp()
+	app, _, stdout, _ = newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runTokenCommand(app, conf, "list"))
-	require.Equal(t, "no users with tokens\n", stderr.String())
+	require.Equal(t, "no users with tokens\n", stdout.String())
 }
 
 func runTokenCommand(app *cli.App, conf *server.Config, args ...string) error {

cmd/user.go

@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ Example:
 
 You may set the NTFY_PASSWORD environment variable to pass the new password or NTFY_PASSWORD_HASH to pass
 directly the bcrypt hash. This is useful if you are updating users via scripts.
-
 `,
 		},
 		{
@@ -134,6 +133,22 @@ as messages per day, attachment file sizes, etc.
 Example:
   ntfy user change-tier phil pro   # Change tier to "pro" for user "phil"  
   ntfy user change-tier phil -     # Remove tier from user "phil" entirely 
+`,
+		},
+		{
+			Name:      "hash",
+			Usage:     "Create password hash for a predefined user",
+			UsageText: "ntfy user hash",
+			Action:    execUserHash,
+			Description: `Asks for a password and creates a bcrypt password hash.
+
+This command is useful to create a password hash for a user, which can then be used
+for predefined users in the server config file, in auth-users.
+
+Example:
+  $ ntfy user hash
+  (asks for password and confirmation)
+  $2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C
 `,
 		},
 		{
@@ -196,7 +211,7 @@ func execUserAdd(c *cli.Context) error {
 	}
 	if user, _ := manager.User(username); user != nil {
 		if c.Bool("ignore-exists") {
-			fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "user %s already exists (exited successfully)\n", username)
+			fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "user %s already exists (exited successfully)\n", username)
 			return nil
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s already exists", username)
@@ -211,7 +226,7 @@ func execUserAdd(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err := manager.AddUser(username, password, role, hashed); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "user %s added with role %s\n", username, role)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "user %s added with role %s\n", username, role)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -226,13 +241,13 @@ func execUserDel(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if _, err := manager.User(username); err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if _, err := manager.User(username); errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
 	}
 	if err := manager.RemoveUser(username); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "user %s removed\n", username)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "user %s removed\n", username)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -252,7 +267,7 @@ func execUserChangePass(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if _, err := manager.User(username); err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if _, err := manager.User(username); errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
 	}
 	if password == "" {
@@ -264,7 +279,7 @@ func execUserChangePass(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err := manager.ChangePassword(username, password, hashed); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "changed password for user %s\n", username)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "changed password for user %s\n", username)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -280,13 +295,26 @@ func execUserChangeRole(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if _, err := manager.User(username); err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if _, err := manager.User(username); errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
 	}
 	if err := manager.ChangeRole(username, role); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "changed role for user %s to %s\n", username, role)
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "changed role for user %s to %s\n", username, role)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func execUserHash(c *cli.Context) error {
+	password, err := readPasswordAndConfirm(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	hash, err := user.HashPassword(password)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to hash password: %w", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(c.App.Writer, hash)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -304,19 +332,19 @@ func execUserChangeTier(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if _, err := manager.User(username); err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if _, err := manager.User(username); errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
 	}
 	if tier == tierReset {
 		if err := manager.ResetTier(username); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "removed tier from user %s\n", username)
+		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "removed tier from user %s\n", username)
 	} else {
 		if err := manager.ChangeTier(username, tier); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "changed tier for user %s to %s\n", username, tier)
+		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "changed tier for user %s to %s\n", username, tier)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -346,7 +374,15 @@ func createUserManager(c *cli.Context) (*user.Manager, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("if set, auth-default-access must start set to 'read-write', 'read-only', 'write-only' or 'deny-all'")
 	}
-	return user.NewManager(authFile, authStartupQueries, authDefault, user.DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost, user.DefaultUserStatsQueueWriterInterval)
+	authConfig := &user.Config{
+		Filename:            authFile,
+		StartupQueries:      authStartupQueries,
+		DefaultAccess:       authDefault,
+		ProvisionEnabled:    false, // Hack: Do not re-provision users on manager initialization
+		BcryptCost:          user.DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost,
+		QueueWriterInterval: user.DefaultUserStatsQueueWriterInterval,
+	}
+	return user.NewManager(authConfig)
 }
 
 func readPasswordAndConfirm(c *cli.Context) (string, error) {

cmd/user_test.go

@@ -15,20 +15,20 @@ func TestCLI_User_Add(t *testing.T) {
 	s, conf, port := newTestServerWithAuth(t)
 	defer test.StopServer(t, s, port)
 
-	app, stdin, _, stderr := newTestApp()
+	app, stdin, stdout, _ := newTestApp()
 	stdin.WriteString("mypass\nmypass")
 	require.Nil(t, runUserCommand(app, conf, "add", "phil"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "user phil added with role user")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "user phil added with role user")
 }
 
 func TestCLI_User_Add_Exists(t *testing.T) {
 	s, conf, port := newTestServerWithAuth(t)
 	defer test.StopServer(t, s, port)
 
-	app, stdin, _, stderr := newTestApp()
+	app, stdin, stdout, _ := newTestApp()
 	stdin.WriteString("mypass\nmypass")
 	require.Nil(t, runUserCommand(app, conf, "add", "phil"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "user phil added with role user")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "user phil added with role user")
 
 	app, stdin, _, _ = newTestApp()
 	stdin.WriteString("mypass\nmypass")
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ func TestCLI_User_Add_Admin(t *testing.T) {
 	s, conf, port := newTestServerWithAuth(t)
 	defer test.StopServer(t, s, port)
 
-	app, stdin, _, stderr := newTestApp()
+	app, stdin, stdout, _ := newTestApp()
 	stdin.WriteString("mypass\nmypass")
 	require.Nil(t, runUserCommand(app, conf, "add", "--role=admin", "phil"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "user phil added with role admin")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "user phil added with role admin")
 }
 
 func TestCLI_User_Add_Password_Mismatch(t *testing.T) {
@@ -63,16 +63,16 @@ func TestCLI_User_ChangePass(t *testing.T) {
 	defer test.StopServer(t, s, port)
 
 	// Add user
-	app, stdin, _, stderr := newTestApp()
+	app, stdin, stdout, _ := newTestApp()
 	stdin.WriteString("mypass\nmypass")
 	require.Nil(t, runUserCommand(app, conf, "add", "phil"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "user phil added with role user")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "user phil added with role user")
 
 	// Change pass
-	app, stdin, _, stderr = newTestApp()
+	app, stdin, stdout, _ = newTestApp()
 	stdin.WriteString("newpass\nnewpass")
 	require.Nil(t, runUserCommand(app, conf, "change-pass", "phil"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "changed password for user phil")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "changed password for user phil")
 }
 
 func TestCLI_User_ChangeRole(t *testing.T) {
@@ -80,15 +80,15 @@ func TestCLI_User_ChangeRole(t *testing.T) {
 	defer test.StopServer(t, s, port)
 
 	// Add user
-	app, stdin, _, stderr := newTestApp()
+	app, stdin, stdout, _ := newTestApp()
 	stdin.WriteString("mypass\nmypass")
 	require.Nil(t, runUserCommand(app, conf, "add", "phil"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "user phil added with role user")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "user phil added with role user")
 
 	// Change role
-	app, _, _, stderr = newTestApp()
+	app, _, stdout, _ = newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runUserCommand(app, conf, "change-role", "phil", "admin"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "changed role for user phil to admin")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "changed role for user phil to admin")
 }
 
 func TestCLI_User_Delete(t *testing.T) {
@@ -96,15 +96,15 @@ func TestCLI_User_Delete(t *testing.T) {
 	defer test.StopServer(t, s, port)
 
 	// Add user
-	app, stdin, _, stderr := newTestApp()
+	app, stdin, stdout, _ := newTestApp()
 	stdin.WriteString("mypass\nmypass")
 	require.Nil(t, runUserCommand(app, conf, "add", "phil"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "user phil added with role user")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "user phil added with role user")
 
 	// Delete user
-	app, _, _, stderr = newTestApp()
+	app, _, stdout, _ = newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runUserCommand(app, conf, "del", "phil"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "user phil removed")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "user phil removed")
 
 	// Delete user again (does not exist)
 	app, _, _, _ = newTestApp()

cmd/webpush.go

@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ web-push-private-key: %s
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		_, err = fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "Web Push keys written to %s.\n", outputFile)
+		_, err = fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "Web Push keys written to %s.\n", outputFile)
 	} else {
-		_, err = fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, `Web Push keys generated. Add the following lines to your config file:
+		_, err = fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, `Web Push keys generated. Add the following lines to your config file:
 
 web-push-public-key: %s
 web-push-private-key: %s

cmd/webpush_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package cmd
 
 import (
+	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -9,16 +10,18 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestCLI_WebPush_GenerateKeys(t *testing.T) {
-	app, _, _, stderr := newTestApp()
+	app, _, stdout, _ := newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runWebPushCommand(app, server.NewConfig(), "keys"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "Web Push keys generated.")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "Web Push keys generated.")
 }
 
 func TestCLI_WebPush_WriteKeysToFile(t *testing.T) {
-	app, _, _, stderr := newTestApp()
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Chdir(tempDir)
+	app, _, stdout, _ := newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, runWebPushCommand(app, server.NewConfig(), "keys", "--output-file=key-file.yaml"))
-	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "Web Push keys written to key-file.yaml")
-	require.FileExists(t, "key-file.yaml")
+	require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), "Web Push keys written to key-file.yaml")
+	require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(tempDir, "key-file.yaml"))
 }
 
 func runWebPushCommand(app *cli.App, conf *server.Config, args ...string) error {

docs/config.md

@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ using Docker Compose (i.e. `docker-compose.yml`):
 	      NTFY_CACHE_FILE: /var/lib/ntfy/cache.db
 	      NTFY_AUTH_FILE: /var/lib/ntfy/auth.db
 	      NTFY_AUTH_DEFAULT_ACCESS: deny-all
+	      NTFY_AUTH_USERS: 'phil:$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C:admin'
 	      NTFY_BEHIND_PROXY: true
 	      NTFY_ATTACHMENT_CACHE_DIR: /var/lib/ntfy/attachments
 	      NTFY_ENABLE_LOGIN: true
@@ -188,19 +189,31 @@ ntfy's auth is implemented with a simple [SQLite](https://www.sqlite.org/)-based
 (`user` and `admin`) and per-topic `read` and `write` permissions using an [access control list (ACL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access-control_list). 
 Access control entries can be applied to users as well as the special everyone user (`*`), which represents anonymous API access. 
 
-To set up auth, simply **configure the following two options**:
+To set up auth, **configure the following options**:
 
 * `auth-file` is the user/access database; it is created automatically if it doesn't already exist; suggested 
   location `/var/lib/ntfy/user.db` (easiest if deb/rpm package is used)
 * `auth-default-access` defines the default/fallback access if no access control entry is found; it can be
-  set to `read-write` (default), `read-only`, `write-only` or `deny-all`.
+  set to `read-write` (default), `read-only`, `write-only` or `deny-all`. **If you are setting up a private instance,
+  you'll want to set this to `deny-all`** (see [private instance example](#example-private-instance)).
 
-Once configured, you can use the `ntfy user` command to [add or modify users](#users-and-roles), and the `ntfy access` command
-lets you [modify the access control list](#access-control-list-acl) for specific users and topic patterns. Both of these 
-commands **directly edit the auth database** (as defined in `auth-file`), so they only work on the server, and only if the user 
-accessing them has the right permissions.
+Once configured, you can use 
+
+- the `ntfy user` command and the `auth-users` config option to [add or modify users](#users-and-roles)
+- the `ntfy access` command and the `auth-access` option to [modify the access control list](#access-control-list-acl)
+and topic patterns, and
+- the `ntfy token` command and the `auth-tokens` config option to [manage access tokens](#access-tokens) for users.
+
+These commands **directly edit the auth database** (as defined in `auth-file`), so they only work on the server, 
+and only if the user accessing them has the right permissions.
 
 ### Users and roles
+Users can be added to the ntfy user database in two different ways
+
+* [Using the CLI](#users-via-the-cli): Using the `ntfy user` command, you can manually add/update/remove users.
+* [In the config](#users-via-the-config): You can provision users in the `server.yml` file via `auth-users` key.
+
+#### Users via the CLI
 The `ntfy user` command allows you to add/remove/change users in the ntfy user database, as well as change
 passwords or roles (`user` or `admin`). In practice, you'll often just create one admin 
 user with `ntfy user add --role=admin ...` and be done with all this (see [example below](#example-private-instance)).
@@ -221,12 +234,54 @@ ntfy user del phil                 # Delete user phil
 ntfy user change-pass phil         # Change password for user phil
 ntfy user change-role phil admin   # Make user phil an admin
 ntfy user change-tier phil pro     # Change phil's tier to "pro"
+ntfy user hash                     # Generate password hash, use with auth-users config option
 ```
 
+#### Users via the config
+As an alternative to manually creating users via the `ntfy user` CLI command, you can provision users declaratively in
+the `server.yml` file by adding them to the `auth-users` array. This is useful for general admins, or if you'd like to
+deploy your ntfy server via Docker/Ansible without manually editing the database.
+
+The `auth-users` option is a list of users that are automatically created/updated when the server starts. Users
+previously defined in the config but later removed will be deleted. Each entry is defined in the format `<username>:<password-hash>:<role>`.
+
+Here's an example with two users: `phil` is an admin, `ben` is a regular user.
+
+=== "Declarative users in /etc/ntfy/server.yml"
+    ``` yaml
+    auth-file: "/var/lib/ntfy/user.db"
+    auth-users:
+      - "phil:$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C:admin"
+      - "ben:$2a$10$NKbrNb7HPMjtQXWJ0f1pouw03LDLT/WzlO9VAv44x84bRCkh19h6m:user"
+    ```
+
+=== "Declarative users via env variables"
+    ```
+    # Comma-separated list, use single quotes to avoid issues with the bcrypt hash 
+    NTFY_AUTH_FILE='/var/lib/ntfy/user.db'
+    NTFY_AUTH_USERS='phil:$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C:admin,ben:$2a$10$NKbrNb7HPMjtQXWJ0f1pouw03LDLT/WzlO9VAv44x84bRCkh19h6m:user'
+    ```
+
+The password hash can be created using `ntfy user hash` or an [online bcrypt generator](https://bcrypt-generator.com/) (though
+note that you're putting your password in an untrusted website).
+
+!!! important
+    Users added declaratively via the config file are marked in the database as "provisioned users". Removing users
+    from the config file will **delete them from the database** the next time ntfy is restarted.
+
+    Also, users that were originally manually created will be "upgraded" to be provisioned users if they are added to
+    the config. Adding a user manually, then adding it to the config, and then removing it from the config will hence
+    lead to the **deletion of that user**.
+
 ### Access control list (ACL)
 The access control list (ACL) **manages access to topics for non-admin users, and for anonymous access (`everyone`/`*`)**.
-Each entry represents the access permissions for a user to a specific topic or topic pattern. 
+Each entry represents the access permissions for a user to a specific topic or topic pattern. Entries can be created in
+two different ways:
 
+* [Using the CLI](#acl-entries-via-the-cli): Using the `ntfy access` command, you can manually edit the access control list.
+* [In the config](#acl-entries-via-the-config): You can provision ACL entries in the `server.yml` file via `auth-access` key.
+
+#### ACL entries via the CLI
 The ACL can be displayed or modified with the `ntfy access` command:
 
 ```
@@ -282,6 +337,51 @@ User `ben` has three topic-specific entries. He can read, but not write to topic
 to topic `garagedoor` and all topics starting with the word `alerts` (wildcards). Clients that are not authenticated
 (called `*`/`everyone`) only have read access to the `announcements` and `server-stats` topics.
 
+#### ACL entries via the config
+As an alternative to manually creating ACL entries via the `ntfy access` CLI command, you can provision access control
+entries declaratively in the `server.yml` file by adding them to the `auth-access` array, similar to the `auth-users` 
+option (see [users via the config](#users-via-the-config).
+
+The `auth-access` option is a list of access control entries that are automatically created/updated when the server starts.
+When entries are removed, they are deleted from the database. Each entry is defined in the format `<username>:<topic-pattern>:<access>`.
+
+The `<username>` can be any existing, provisioned user as defined in the `auth-users` section (see [users via the config](#users-via-the-config)),
+or `everyone`/`*` for anonymous access. The `<topic-pattern>` can be a specific topic name or a pattern with wildcards (`*`). The 
+`<access>` can be one of the following:
+
+* `read-write` or `rw`: Allows both publishing to and subscribing to the topic
+* `read-only`, `read`, or `ro`: Allows only subscribing to the topic
+* `write-only`, `write`, or `wo`: Allows only publishing to the topic
+* `deny-all`, `deny`, or `none`: Denies all access to the topic
+
+Here's an example with several ACL entries:
+
+=== "Declarative ACL entries in /etc/ntfy/server.yml"
+    ``` yaml
+    auth-file: "/var/lib/ntfy/user.db"
+    auth-users:
+      - "phil:$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C:user"
+      - "ben:$2a$10$NKbrNb7HPMjtQXWJ0f1pouw03LDLT/WzlO9VAv44x84bRCkh19h6m:user"
+    auth-access:
+      - "phil:mytopic:rw"
+      - "ben:alerts-*:rw"
+      - "ben:system-logs:ro"
+      - "*:announcements:ro" # or: "everyone:announcements,ro"
+    ```
+
+=== "Declarative ACL entries via env variables"
+    ```
+    # Comma-separated list
+    NTFY_AUTH_FILE='/var/lib/ntfy/user.db'
+    NTFY_AUTH_USERS='phil:$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C:user,ben:$2a$10$NKbrNb7HPMjtQXWJ0f1pouw03LDLT/WzlO9VAv44x84bRCkh19h6m:user'
+    NTFY_AUTH_ACCESS='phil:mytopic:rw,ben:alerts-*:rw,ben:system-logs:ro,*:announcements:ro'
+    ```
+
+In this example, the `auth-users` section defines two users, `phil` and `ben`. The `auth-access` section defines
+access control entries for these users. `phil` has read-write access to the topic `mytopic`, while `ben` has read-write
+access to all topics starting with `alerts-` and read-only access to the topic `system-logs`. The last entry allows
+anonymous users (i.e. clients that do not authenticate) to read the `announcements` topic.
+
 ### Access tokens
 In addition to username/password auth, ntfy also provides authentication via access tokens. Access tokens are useful
 to avoid having to configure your password across multiple publishing/subscribing applications. For instance, you may
@@ -292,6 +392,12 @@ want to use a dedicated token to publish from your backup host, and one from you
     and deleting the account, every action can be performed with a token. Granular access tokens are on the roadmap,
     but not yet implemented.
 
+You can create access tokens in two different ways:
+
+* [Using the CLI](#tokens-via-the-cli): Using the `ntfy token` command, you can manually add/update/remove tokens.
+* [In the config](#tokens-via-the-config): You can provision access tokens in the `server.yml` file via `auth-tokens` key.
+
+#### Tokens via the CLI
 The `ntfy token` command can be used to manage access tokens for users. Tokens can have labels, and they can expire
 automatically (or never expire). Each user can have up to 60 tokens (hardcoded). 
 
@@ -302,6 +408,7 @@ ntfy token list phil                 # Shows list of tokens for user phil
 ntfy token add phil                  # Create token for user phil which never expires
 ntfy token add --expires=2d phil     # Create token for user phil which expires in 2 days
 ntfy token remove phil tk_th2sxr...  # Delete token
+ntfy token generate                  # Generate random token, can be used in auth-tokens config option
 ```
 
 **Creating an access token:**
@@ -309,32 +416,89 @@ ntfy token remove phil tk_th2sxr...  # Delete token
 $ ntfy token add --expires=30d --label="backups" phil
 $ ntfy token list
 user phil
-- tk_AgQdq7mVBoFD37zQVN29RhuMzNIz2 (backups), expires 15 Mar 23 14:33 EDT, accessed from 0.0.0.0 at 13 Feb 23 13:33 EST
+- tk_7eevizlsiwf9yi4uxsrs83r4352o0 (backups), expires 15 Mar 23 14:33 EDT, accessed from 0.0.0.0 at 13 Feb 23 13:33 EST
 ```
 
 Once an access token is created, you can **use it to authenticate against the ntfy server, e.g. when you publish or
 subscribe to topics**. To learn how, check out [authenticate via access tokens](publish.md#access-tokens).
 
-### Example: Private instance
-The easiest way to configure a private instance is to set `auth-default-access` to `deny-all` in the `server.yml`:
+#### Tokens via the config
+Access tokens can be pre-provisioned in the `server.yml` configuration file using the `auth-tokens` config option.
+This is useful for automated setups, Docker environments, or when you want to define tokens declaratively.
 
-=== "/etc/ntfy/server.yml"
+The `auth-tokens` option is a list of access tokens that are automatically created/updated when the server starts.
+When entries are removed, they are deleted from the database. Each entry is defined in the format `<username>:<token>[:<label>]`.
+
+The `<username>` must be an existing, provisioned user, as defined in the `auth-users` section (see [users via the config](#users-via-the-config)).
+The `<token>` is a valid access token, which must start with `tk_` and be 32 characters long (including the prefix). You can generate
+random tokens using the `ntfy token generate` command. The optional `<label>` is a human-readable label for the token, 
+which can be used to identify it later.
+
+Once configured, these tokens can be used to authenticate API requests just like tokens created via the CLI.
+For usage examples, see [authenticate via access tokens](publish.md#access-tokens).
+
+Here's an example:
+
+=== "Declarative tokens in /etc/ntfy/server.yml"
+    ``` yaml
+    auth-file: "/var/lib/ntfy/user.db"
+    auth-users:
+      - "phil:$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C:admin"
+      - "backup-service:$2a$10$NKbrNb7HPMjtQXWJ0f1pouw03LDLT/WzlO9VAv44x84bRCkh19h6m:user"
+    auth-tokens:
+      - "phil:tk_3gd7d2yftt4b8ixyfe9mnmro88o76"
+      - "backup-service:tk_f099we8uzj7xi5qshzajwp6jffvkz:Backup script"
+    ```
+
+=== "Declarative tokens via env variables"
+    ```
+    # Comma-separated list
+    NTFY_AUTH_FILE='/var/lib/ntfy/user.db'
+    NTFY_AUTH_USERS='phil:$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C:admin,ben:$2a$10$NKbrNb7HPMjtQXWJ0f1pouw03LDLT/WzlO9VAv44x84bRCkh19h6m:user'
+    NTFY_AUTH_TOKENS='phil:tk_3gd7d2yftt4b8ixyfe9mnmro88o76,backup-service:tk_f099we8uzj7xi5qshzajwp6jffvkz:Backup script'
+    ```
+
+In this example, the `auth-users` section defines two users, `phil` and `backup-service`. The `auth-tokens` section
+defines access tokens for these users. `phil` has a token `tk_3gd7d2yftt4b8ixyfe9mnmro88o76`, while `backup-service`
+has a token `tk_f099we8uzj7xi5qshzajwp6jffvkz` with the label "Backup script".
+
+### Example: Private instance
+The easiest way to configure a private instance is to set `auth-default-access` to `deny-all` in the `server.yml`,
+and to configure users in the `auth-users` section (see [users via the config](#users-via-the-config)), 
+access control entries in the `auth-access` section (see [ACL entries via the config](#acl-entries-via-the-config)),
+and access tokens in the `auth-tokens` section (see [access tokens via the config](#tokens-via-the-config)).
+
+Here's an example that defines a single admin user `phil` with the password `mypass`, and a regular user `backup-script`
+with the password `backup-script`. The admin user has full access to all topics, while regular user can only
+access the `backups` topic with read-write permissions. The `auth-default-access` is set to `deny-all`, which means
+that all other users and anonymous access are denied by default.
+
+=== "Config via /etc/ntfy/server.yml"
     ``` yaml
     auth-file: "/var/lib/ntfy/user.db"
     auth-default-access: "deny-all"
+    auth-users:
+      - "phil:$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C:admin"
+      - "backup-script:$2a$10$/ehiQt.w7lhTmHXq.RNsOOkIwiPPeWFIzWYO3DRxNixnWKLX8.uj.:user"
+    auth-access:
+      - "backup-service:backups:rw"
+    auth-tokens:
+      - "phil:tk_3gd7d2yftt4b8ixyfe9mnmro88o76:My personal token"
     ```
 
-After that, simply create an `admin` user:
-
-```
-$ ntfy user add --role=admin phil
-password: mypass
-confirm: mypass
-user phil added with role admin 
-```
+=== "Config via env variables"
+    ``` yaml
+    NTFY_AUTH_FILE='/var/lib/ntfy/user.db'
+    NTFY_AUTH_DEFAULT_ACCESS='deny-all'
+    NTFY_AUTH_USERS='phil:$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C:admin,backup-script:$2a$10$/ehiQt.w7lhTmHXq.RNsOOkIwiPPeWFIzWYO3DRxNixnWKLX8.uj.:user'
+    NTFY_AUTH_ACCESS='backup-service:backups:rw'
+    NTFY_AUTH_TOKENS='phil:tk_3gd7d2yftt4b8ixyfe9mnmro88o76:My personal token'
+    ```
 
 Once you've done that, you can publish and subscribe using [Basic Auth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_access_authentication) 
-with the given username/password. Be sure to use HTTPS to avoid eavesdropping and exposing your password. Here's a simple example:
+with the given username/password. Be sure to use HTTPS to avoid eavesdropping and exposing your password. 
+
+Here's a simple example (using the credentials of the `phil` user):
 
 === "Command line (curl)"
     ```

docs/integrations.md

@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ I've added a ⭐ to projects or posts that have a significant following, or had
 - [Ntfy_CSV_Reminders](https://github.com/thiswillbeyourgithub/Ntfy_CSV_Reminders) - A Python tool that sends random-timing phone notifications for recurring tasks by using daily probability checks based on CSV-defined frequencies.
 - [Daily Fact Ntfy](https://github.com/thiswillbeyourgithub/Daily_Fact_Ntfy) - Generate [llm](https://github.com/simonw/llm) generated fact every day about any topic you're interested in.
 - [ntfyexec](https://github.com/alecthomas/ntfyexec) - Send a notification through ntfy.sh if a command fails
+- [Ntfy Desktop](https://github.com/emmaexe/ntfyDesktop) - Fully featured desktop client for Linux, built with Qt and C++.
 
 ## Projects + scripts 
 

docs/releases.md

@@ -1456,7 +1456,8 @@ and the [ntfy Android app](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-android/release
 
 **Features:**
 
-* Enhanced JSON webhook support via [pre-defined](publish.md#pre-defined-templates) and [custom templates](publish.md#custom-templates) ([#1390](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1390))
+* [Declarative users](config.md#users-via-the-config), [declarative ACL entries](config.md#acl-entries-via-the-config) and [declarative tokens](config.md#tokens-via-the-config) ([#464](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/464), [#1384](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1384), thanks to [pinpox](https://github.com/pinpox) for reporting, to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for reviewing)
+* [Pre-defined templates](publish.md#pre-defined-templates) and [custom templates](publish.md#custom-templates) for enhanced JSON webhook support ([#1390](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1390))
 * Support of advanced [template functions](publish.md#template-functions) based on the [Sprig](https://github.com/Masterminds/sprig) library ([#1121](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1121), thanks to [@davidatkinsondoyle](https://github.com/davidatkinsondoyle) for reporting, to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for implementing, and to the Sprig team for their work)
 
 ### ntfy Android app v1.16.1 (UNRELEASED)

go.mod

@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ toolchain go1.24.0
 
 require (
 	cloud.google.com/go/firestore v1.18.0 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.55.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.56.0 // indirect
 	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.7 // indirect
 	github.com/emersion/go-smtp v0.18.0
 	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.9
 	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.3
-	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.28
+	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.30
 	github.com/olebedev/when v1.1.0
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
 	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.27.7
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ require (
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0
 	golang.org/x/term v0.33.0
 	golang.org/x/time v0.12.0
-	google.golang.org/api v0.242.0
+	google.golang.org/api v0.244.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0
 )
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.2 // indirect
-	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
 	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.9 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
@@ -95,10 +95,10 @@ require (
 	golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/appengine/v2 v2.0.6 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250728155136-f173205681a0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250728155136-f173205681a0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250728155136-f173205681a0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.74.2 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 cel.dev/expr v0.24.0 h1:56OvJKSH3hDGL0ml5uSxZmz3/3Pq4tJ+fb1unVLAFcY=
 cel.dev/expr v0.24.0/go.mod h1:hLPLo1W4QUmuYdA72RBX06QTs6MXw941piREPl3Yfiw=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.121.3 h1:84RD+hQXNdY5Sw/MWVAx5O9Aui/rd5VQ9HEcdN19afo=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.121.3/go.mod h1:6vWF3nJWRrEUv26mMB3FEIU/o1MQNVPG1iHdisa2SJc=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4 h1:cVvUiY0sX0xwyxPwdSU2KsF9knOVmtRyAMt8xou0iTs=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4/go.mod h1:XEBchUiHFJbz4lKBZwYBDHV/rSyfFktk737TLDU089s=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.2 h1:QvBAGFPLrDeoiNjyfVunhQ10HKNYuOwZ5noee0M5df4=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.2/go.mod h1:sRBas2Y1fB1vZTdurouM0AzuYQBMZinrUYL8EufhtEA=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3 h1:kabzoQ9/bobUmnseYnBO6qQG7q4a/CffFRlJSxv2wCc=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3/go.mod h1:NucRGjaXfzP1ltpcQ7On/VTZ0H4kWB5Jy+Y9Dnm76fA=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 h1:keo8NaayQZ6wimpNSmW5OPc283g65QNIiLpZnkHRbnc=
@@ -22,12 +18,10 @@ cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.6.7 h1:IGtfDWHhQCgCjwQjV9iiLnUta9LBCo8R9QmAFs
 cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.6.7/go.mod h1:EAFV3IZAKmM56TyiE6VAP3VoTzhZzySwI/YI1s/nRsY=
 cloud.google.com/go/monitoring v1.24.2 h1:5OTsoJ1dXYIiMiuL+sYscLc9BumrL3CarVLL7dd7lHM=
 cloud.google.com/go/monitoring v1.24.2/go.mod h1:x7yzPWcgDRnPEv3sI+jJGBkwl5qINf+6qY4eq0I9B4U=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.55.0 h1:NESjdAToN9u1tmhVqhXCaCwYBuvEhZLLv0gBr+2znf0=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.55.0/go.mod h1:ztSmTTwzsdXe5syLVS0YsbFxXuvEmEyZj7v7zChEmuY=
+cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.56.0 h1:iixmq2Fse2tqxMbWhLWC9HfBj1qdxqAmiK8/eqtsLxI=
+cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.56.0/go.mod h1:Tpuj6t4NweCLzlNbw9Z9iwxEkrSem20AetIeH/shgVU=
 cloud.google.com/go/trace v1.11.6 h1:2O2zjPzqPYAHrn3OKl029qlqG6W8ZdYaOWRyr8NgMT4=
 cloud.google.com/go/trace v1.11.6/go.mod h1:GA855OeDEBiBMzcckLPE2kDunIpC72N+Pq8WFieFjnI=
-firebase.google.com/go/v4 v4.16.1 h1:Kl5cgXmM0VOWDGT1UAx6b0T2UFWa14ak0CvYqeI7Py4=
-firebase.google.com/go/v4 v4.16.1/go.mod h1:aAPJq/bOyb23tBlc1K6GR+2E8sOGAeJSc8wIJVgl9SM=
 firebase.google.com/go/v4 v4.17.0 h1:Bih69QV/k0YKPA1qUX04ln0aPT9IERrAo2ezibcngzE=
 firebase.google.com/go/v4 v4.17.0/go.mod h1:aAPJq/bOyb23tBlc1K6GR+2E8sOGAeJSc8wIJVgl9SM=
 github.com/AlekSi/pointer v1.2.0 h1:glcy/gc4h8HnG2Z3ZECSzZ1IX1x2JxRVuDzaJwQE0+w=
@@ -87,10 +81,8 @@ github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.4.2/go.mod h1:m21LjoU+eqJr34lmDMbreY2eSTRJ1cv77w
 github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.2 h1:YtQM7lnr8iZ+j5q71MGKkNw9Mn7AjHM68uc9g5fXeUI=
 github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.2/go.mod h1:m21LjoU+eqJr34lmDMbreY2eSTRJ1cv77w39/MY0Ch0=
 github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.1/go.mod h1:pqrtFR0X4osieyHYxtmOUWsAWrfe1Q5UVIyoH402zdk=
-github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2 h1:Rl4B7itRWVtYIHFrSNd7vhTiz9UpLdi6gZhZ3wEeDy8=
-github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2/go.mod h1:pqrtFR0X4osieyHYxtmOUWsAWrfe1Q5UVIyoH402zdk=
-github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.3 h1:kkGXqQOBSDDWRhWNXTFpqGSCMyh/PLnqUvMGJPDJDs0=
-github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.3/go.mod h1:pqrtFR0X4osieyHYxtmOUWsAWrfe1Q5UVIyoH402zdk=
+github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.3.0 h1:pv4AsKCKKZuqlgs5sUmn4x8UlGa0kEVt/puTpKx9vvo=
+github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.3.0/go.mod h1:fxCRLWMO43lRc8nhHWY6LGqRcf+1gQWArsqaEUEa5bE=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.0/go.mod h1:FsONVRAS9T7sI+LIUmWTfcYkHO4aIWwzhcaSAoJOfIk=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 h1:i7eJL8qZTpSEXOPTxNKhASYpMn+8e5Q6AdndVa1dWek=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4/go.mod h1:lnTiLA8Wa4RWRcIUkrtSVa5nRhsEGBg48fD6rSs7xps=
@@ -106,8 +98,6 @@ github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
 github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.6 h1:GW/XbdyBFQ8Qe+YAmFU9uHLo7OnF5tL52HFAgMmyrf4=
 github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.6/go.mod h1:MkHOF77EYAE7qfSuSS9PU6g4Nt4e11cnsDUowfwewLA=
-github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.14.2 h1:eBLnkZ9635krYIPD+ag1USrOAI0Nr0QYF3+/3GqO0k0=
-github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.14.2/go.mod h1:ON64QhlJkhVtSqp4v1uaK92VyZ2gmvDQsweuyLV+8+w=
 github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.15.0 h1:SyjDc1mGgZU5LncH8gimWo9lW1DtIfPibOG81vgd/bo=
 github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.15.0/go.mod h1:zVVkkxAQHa1RQpg9z2AUCMnKhi0Qld9rcmyfL1OZhoc=
 github.com/gorilla/css v1.0.1 h1:ntNaBIghp6JmvWnxbZKANoLyuXTPZ4cAMlo6RyhlbO8=
@@ -122,8 +112,8 @@ github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 h1:5Nx0Ya0ZqY2ygV366QzturHI13Jq95ApcVaJBhpS+AY=
 github.com/kr/text v0.2.0/go.mod h1:eLer722TekiGuMkidMxC/pM04lWEeraHUUmBw8l2grE=
 github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0 h1:RPNrshWIDI6G2gRW9EHilWtl7Z6Sb1BR0xunSBf0SNc=
 github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0/go.mod h1:9/0rRGxNHcop5bhtWyNeEfOS8JIWk580+fNqagV/RAw=
-github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.28 h1:ThEiQrnbtumT+QMknw63Befp/ce/nUPgBPMlRFEum7A=
-github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.28/go.mod h1:Uh1q+B4BYcTPb+yiD3kU8Ct7aC0hY9fxUwlHK0RXw+Y=
+github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.30 h1:bVreufq3EAIG1Quvws73du3/QgdeZ3myglJlrzSYYCY=
+github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.30/go.mod h1:Uh1q+B4BYcTPb+yiD3kU8Ct7aC0hY9fxUwlHK0RXw+Y=
 github.com/microcosm-cc/bluemonday v1.0.27 h1:MpEUotklkwCSLeH+Qdx1VJgNqLlpY2KXwXFM08ygZfk=
 github.com/microcosm-cc/bluemonday v1.0.27/go.mod h1:jFi9vgW+H7c3V0lb6nR74Ib/DIB5OBs92Dimizgw2cA=
 github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 h1:C3w9PqII01/Oq1c1nUAm88MOHcQC9l5mIlSMApZMrHA=
@@ -194,8 +184,6 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.13.0/go.mod h1:y6Z2r+Rw4iayiXXAIxJIDAJ1zMW4yaTpebo8fPOliY
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.19.0/go.mod h1:Iy9bg/ha4yyC70EfRS8jz+B6ybOBKMaSxLj6P6oBDfU=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0/go.mod h1:CKFgDieR+mRhux2Lsu27y0fO304Db0wZe70UKqHu0v8=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.31.0/go.mod h1:kDsLvtWBEx7MV9tJOj9bnXsPbxwJQ6csT/x4KIN4Ssk=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 h1:SHs+kF4LP+f+p14esP5jAoDpHU8Gu/v9lFRK6IT5imM=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0/go.mod h1:L+Xg3Wf6HoL4Bn4238Z6ft6KfEpN0tJGo53AAPC632U=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 h1:r4x+VvoG5Fm+eJcxMaY8CQM7Lb0l1lsmjGBQ6s8BfKM=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0/go.mod h1:Qr1vMER5WyS2dfPHAlsOj01wgLbsyWtFn/aY+5+ZdxY=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0-dev.0.20220419223038-86c51ed26bb4/go.mod h1:jJ57K6gSWd91VN4djpZkiMVwK6gcyfeH4XE8wZrZaV4=
@@ -212,8 +200,6 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.10.0/go.mod h1:0qNGK6F8kojg2nk9dLZ2mShWaEBan6FAoqfSigmmuDg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.15.0/go.mod h1:idbUs1IY1+zTqbi8yxTbhexhEEk5ur9LInksu6HrEpk=
 golang.org/x/net v0.21.0/go.mod h1:bIjVDfnllIU7BJ2DNgfnXvpSvtn8VRwhlsaeUTyUS44=
 golang.org/x/net v0.25.0/go.mod h1:JkAGAh7GEvH74S6FOH42FLoXpXbE/aqXSrIQjXgsiwM=
-golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 h1:vBTly1HeNPEn3wtREYfy4GZ/NECgw2Cnl+nK6Nz3uvw=
-golang.org/x/net v0.41.0/go.mod h1:B/K4NNqkfmg07DQYrbwvSluqCJOOXwUjeb/5lOisjbA=
 golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 h1:jzkYrhi3YQWD6MLBJcsklgQsoAcw89EcZbJw8Z614hs=
 golang.org/x/net v0.42.0/go.mod h1:FF1RA5d3u7nAYA4z2TkclSCKh68eSXtiFwcWQpPXdt8=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0 h1:dnDm7JmhM45NNpd8FDDeLhK6FwqbOf4MLCM9zb1BOHI=
@@ -225,8 +211,6 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.3.0/go.mod h1:FU7BRWz2tNW+3quACPkgCx/L+uEAv1htQ0V83Z9Rj+Y=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.10.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0 h1:KWH3jNZsfyT6xfAfKiz6MRNmd46ByHDYaZ7KSkCtdW8=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 h1:ycBJEhp9p4vXvUZNszeOq0kGTPghopOL8q0fq3vstxw=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -241,8 +225,6 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.12.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.17.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.28.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0 h1:q3i8TbbEz+JRD9ywIRlyRAQbM0qF7hu24q3teo2hbuw=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 h1:H5Y5sJ2L2JRdyv7ROF1he/lPdvFsd0mJHFw2ThKHxLA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20240228155512-f48c80bd79b2/go.mod h1:TeRTkGYfJXctD9OcfyVLyj2J3IxLnKwHJR8f4D8a3YE=
@@ -254,8 +236,6 @@ golang.org/x/term v0.12.0/go.mod h1:owVbMEjm3cBLCHdkQu9b1opXd4ETQWc3BhuQGKgXgvU=
 golang.org/x/term v0.17.0/go.mod h1:lLRBjIVuehSbZlaOtGMbcMncT+aqLLLmKrsjNrUguwk=
 golang.org/x/term v0.20.0/go.mod h1:8UkIAJTvZgivsXaD6/pH6U9ecQzZ45awqEOzuCvwpFY=
 golang.org/x/term v0.27.0/go.mod h1:iMsnZpn0cago0GOrHO2+Y7u7JPn5AylBrcoWkElMTSM=
-golang.org/x/term v0.32.0 h1:DR4lr0TjUs3epypdhTOkMmuF5CDFJ/8pOnbzMZPQ7bg=
-golang.org/x/term v0.32.0/go.mod h1:uZG1FhGx848Sqfsq4/DlJr3xGGsYMu/L5GW4abiaEPQ=
 golang.org/x/term v0.33.0 h1:NuFncQrRcaRvVmgRkvM3j/F00gWIAlcmlB8ACEKmGIg=
 golang.org/x/term v0.33.0/go.mod h1:s18+ql9tYWp1IfpV9DmCtQDDSRBUjKaw9M1eAv5UeF0=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@@ -269,8 +249,6 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.13.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
 golang.org/x/text v0.14.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
 golang.org/x/text v0.15.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
 golang.org/x/text v0.21.0/go.mod h1:4IBbMaMmOPCJ8SecivzSH54+73PCFmPWxNTLm+vZkEQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 h1:P42AVeLghgTYr4+xUnTRKDMqpar+PtX7KWuNQL21L8M=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0/go.mod h1:QK15LZJUUQVJxhz7wXgxSy/CJaTFjd0G+YLonydOVQA=
 golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 h1:4fGWRpyh641NLlecmyl4LOe6yDdfaYNrGb2zdfo4JV4=
 golang.org/x/text v0.27.0/go.mod h1:1D28KMCvyooCX9hBiosv5Tz/+YLxj0j7XhWjpSUF7CU=
 golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 h1:ScB/8o8olJvc+CQPWrK3fPZNfh7qgwCrY0zJmoEQLSE=
@@ -283,27 +261,18 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.13.0/go.mod h1:HvlwmtVNQAhOuCjW7xxvovg8wbNq7LwfXh/k7wXUl58
 golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d/go.mod h1:aiJjzUbINMkxbQROHiO6hDPo2LHcIPhhQsa9DLh0yGk=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
-google.golang.org/api v0.240.0 h1:PxG3AA2UIqT1ofIzWV2COM3j3JagKTKSwy7L6RHNXNU=
-google.golang.org/api v0.240.0/go.mod h1:cOVEm2TpdAGHL2z+UwyS+kmlGr3bVWQQ6sYEqkKje50=
-google.golang.org/api v0.242.0 h1:7Lnb1nfnpvbkCiZek6IXKdJ0MFuAZNAJKQfA1ws62xg=
-google.golang.org/api v0.242.0/go.mod h1:cOVEm2TpdAGHL2z+UwyS+kmlGr3bVWQQ6sYEqkKje50=
-google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.8 h1:IhEN5q69dyKagZPYMSdIjS2HqprW324FRQZJcGqPAsM=
+google.golang.org/api v0.244.0 h1:lpkP8wVibSKr++NCD36XzTk/IzeKJ3klj7vbj+XU5pE=
+google.golang.org/api v0.244.0/go.mod h1:dMVhVcylamkirHdzEBAIQWUCgqY885ivNeZYd7VAVr8=
 google.golang.org/appengine/v2 v2.0.6 h1:LvPZLGuchSBslPBp+LAhihBeGSiRh1myRoYK4NtuBIw=
 google.golang.org/appengine/v2 v2.0.6/go.mod h1:WoEXGoXNfa0mLvaH5sV3ZSGXwVmy8yf7Z1JKf3J3wLI=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250603155806-513f23925822 h1:rHWScKit0gvAPuOnu87KpaYtjK5zBMLcULh7gxkCXu4=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250603155806-513f23925822/go.mod h1:HubltRL7rMh0LfnQPkMH4NPDFEWp0jw3vixw7jEM53s=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79 h1:Nt6z9UHqSlIdIGJdz6KhTIs2VRx/iOsA5iE8bmQNcxs=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79/go.mod h1:kTmlBHMPqR5uCZPBvwa2B18mvubkjyY3CRLI0c6fj0s=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250603155806-513f23925822 h1:oWVWY3NzT7KJppx2UKhKmzPq4SRe0LdCijVRwvGeikY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250603155806-513f23925822/go.mod h1:h3c4v36UTKzUiuaOKQ6gr3S+0hovBtUrXzTG/i3+XEc=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79 h1:iOye66xuaAK0WnkPuhQPUFy8eJcmwUXqGGP3om6IxX8=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79/go.mod h1:HKJDgKsFUnv5VAGeQjz8kxcgDP0HoE0iZNp0OdZNlhE=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250603155806-513f23925822 h1:fc6jSaCT0vBduLYZHYrBBNY4dsWuvgyff9noRNDdBeE=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250603155806-513f23925822/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79 h1:1ZwqphdOdWYXsUHgMpU/101nCtf/kSp9hOrcvFsnl10=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0 h1:VIWSmpI2MegBtTuFt5/JWy2oXxtjJ/e89Z70ImfD2ok=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0/go.mod h1:50sbHOUqWoCQGI8V2HQLJM0B+LMlIUjNSZmow7EVBQc=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250728155136-f173205681a0 h1:btBcgujH2+KIWEfz0s7Cdtt9R7hpwM4SAEXAdXf/ddw=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250728155136-f173205681a0/go.mod h1:Q4yZQ3kmmIyg6HsMjCGx2vQ8gzN+dntaPmFWz6Zj0fo=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250728155136-f173205681a0 h1:0UOBWO4dC+e51ui0NFKSPbkHHiQ4TmrEfEZMLDyRmY8=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250728155136-f173205681a0/go.mod h1:8ytArBbtOy2xfht+y2fqKd5DRDJRUQhqbyEnQ4bDChs=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250728155136-f173205681a0 h1:MAKi5q709QWfnkkpNQ0M12hYJ1+e8qYVDyowc4U1XZM=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250728155136-f173205681a0/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.74.2 h1:WoosgB65DlWVC9FqI82dGsZhWFNBSLjQ84bjROOpMu4=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.74.2/go.mod h1:CtQ+BGjaAIXHs/5YS3i473GqwBBa1zGQNevxdeBEXrM=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:jlhhOSvTdKEhbULTjvd4ARK9grFBp09yW+WbY/TyQbw=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.30.0/go.mod h1:HV8QOd/L58Z+nl8r43ehVNZIU/HEI6OcFqwMG9pJV4I=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 h1:z1NpPI8ku2WgiWnf+t9wTPsn6eP1L7ksHUlkfLvd9xY=

server/config.go

@@ -95,6 +95,9 @@ type Config struct {
 	AuthFile                             string
 	AuthStartupQueries                   string
 	AuthDefault                          user.Permission
+	AuthUsers                            []*user.User
+	AuthAccess                           map[string][]*user.Grant
+	AuthTokens                           map[string][]*user.Token
 	AuthBcryptCost                       int
 	AuthStatsQueueWriterInterval         time.Duration
 	AttachmentCacheDir                   string

server/message_cache.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
@@ -286,6 +287,12 @@ type messageCache struct {
 
 // newSqliteCache creates a SQLite file-backed cache
 func newSqliteCache(filename, startupQueries string, cacheDuration time.Duration, batchSize int, batchTimeout time.Duration, nop bool) (*messageCache, error) {
+	// Check the parent directory of the database file (makes for friendly error messages)
+	parentDir := filepath.Dir(filename)
+	if !util.FileExists(parentDir) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cache database directory %s does not exist or is not accessible", parentDir)
+	}
+	// Open database
 	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filename)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err

server/server.go

@@ -196,7 +196,18 @@ func New(conf *Config) (*Server, error) {
 	}
 	var userManager *user.Manager
 	if conf.AuthFile != "" {
-		userManager, err = user.NewManager(conf.AuthFile, conf.AuthStartupQueries, conf.AuthDefault, conf.AuthBcryptCost, conf.AuthStatsQueueWriterInterval)
+		authConfig := &user.Config{
+			Filename:            conf.AuthFile,
+			StartupQueries:      conf.AuthStartupQueries,
+			DefaultAccess:       conf.AuthDefault,
+			ProvisionEnabled:    true, // Enable provisioning of users and access
+			Users:               conf.AuthUsers,
+			Access:              conf.AuthAccess,
+			Tokens:              conf.AuthTokens,
+			BcryptCost:          conf.AuthBcryptCost,
+			QueueWriterInterval: conf.AuthStatsQueueWriterInterval,
+		}
+		userManager, err = user.NewManager(authConfig)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -991,7 +1002,12 @@ func (s *Server) parsePublishParams(r *http.Request, m *message) (cache bool, fi
 	} else if call != "" && !isBoolValue(call) && !phoneNumberRegex.MatchString(call) {
 		return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestPhoneNumberInvalid
 	}
-	messageStr := strings.ReplaceAll(readParam(r, "x-message", "message", "m"), "\\n", "\n")
+	template = templateMode(readParam(r, "x-template", "template", "tpl"))
+	messageStr := readParam(r, "x-message", "message", "m")
+	if !template.InlineMode() {
+		// Convert "\n" to literal newline everything but inline mode
+		messageStr = strings.ReplaceAll(messageStr, "\\n", "\n")
+	}
 	if messageStr != "" {
 		m.Message = messageStr
 	}
@@ -1033,7 +1049,6 @@ func (s *Server) parsePublishParams(r *http.Request, m *message) (cache bool, fi
 	if markdown || strings.ToLower(contentType) == "text/markdown" {
 		m.ContentType = "text/markdown"
 	}
-	template = templateMode(readParam(r, "x-template", "template", "tpl"))
 	unifiedpush = readBoolParam(r, false, "x-unifiedpush", "unifiedpush", "up") // see GET too!
 	contentEncoding := readParam(r, "content-encoding")
 	if unifiedpush || contentEncoding == "aes128gcm" {
@@ -1119,8 +1134,8 @@ func (s *Server) handleBodyAsTemplatedTextMessage(m *message, template templateM
 		return errHTTPEntityTooLargeJSONBody
 	}
 	peekedBody := strings.TrimSpace(string(body.PeekedBytes))
-	if templateName := template.Name(); templateName != "" {
-		if err := s.renderTemplateFromFile(m, templateName, peekedBody); err != nil {
+	if template.FileMode() {
+		if err := s.renderTemplateFromFile(m, template.FileName(), peekedBody); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	} else {
@@ -1198,7 +1213,7 @@ func (s *Server) renderTemplate(tpl string, source string) (string, error) {
 	if err := t.Execute(limitWriter, data); err != nil {
 		return "", errHTTPBadRequestTemplateExecuteFailed.Wrap("%s", err.Error())
 	}
-	return strings.TrimSpace(buf.String()), nil
+	return strings.TrimSpace(strings.ReplaceAll(buf.String(), "\\n", "\n")), nil // replace any remaining "\n" (those outside of template curly braces) with newlines
 }
 
 func (s *Server) handleBodyAsAttachment(r *http.Request, v *visitor, m *message, body *util.PeekedReadCloser) error {

server/server.yml

@@ -82,6 +82,14 @@
 #   set to "read-write" (default), "read-only", "write-only" or "deny-all".
 # - auth-startup-queries allows you to run commands when the database is initialized, e.g. to enable
 #   WAL mode. This is similar to cache-startup-queries. See above for details.
+# - auth-users is a list of users that are automatically created when the server starts.
+#   Each entry is in the format "<username>:<password-hash>:<role>", e.g. "phil:$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C:user"
+#   Use 'ntfy user hash' to generate the password hash from a password.
+# - auth-access is a list of access control entries that are automatically created when the server starts.
+#   Each entry is in the format "<username>:<topic-pattern>:<access>", e.g. "phil:mytopic:rw" or "phil:phil-*:rw".
+# - auth-tokens is a list of access tokens that are automatically created when the server starts.
+#   Each entry is in the format "<username>:<token>[:<label>]", e.g. "phil:tk_1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef:My token".
+#   Use 'ntfy token generate' to generate a new access token.
 #
 # Debian/RPM package users:
 #   Use /var/lib/ntfy/user.db as user database to avoid permission issues. The package
@@ -94,6 +102,9 @@
 # auth-file: <filename>
 # auth-default-access: "read-write"
 # auth-startup-queries:
+# auth-users:
+# auth-access:
+# auth-tokens:
 
 # If set, the X-Forwarded-For header (or whatever is configured in proxy-forwarded-header) is used to determine
 # the visitor IP address instead of the remote address of the connection.

server/server_account.go

@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleAccountTokenCreate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request
 			"token_expires": expires,
 		}).
 		Debug("Creating token for user %s", u.Name)
-	token, err := s.userManager.CreateToken(u.ID, label, expires, v.IP())
+	token, err := s.userManager.CreateToken(u.ID, label, expires, v.IP(), false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

server/server_account_test.go

@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ func TestAccount_ChangeSettings(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 	u, _ := s.userManager.User("phil")
-	token, _ := s.userManager.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Unix(0, 0), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	token, _ := s.userManager.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Unix(0, 0), netip.IPv4Unspecified(), false)
 
 	rr := request(t, s, "PATCH", "/v1/account/settings", `{"notification": {"sound": "juntos"},"ignored": true}`, map[string]string{
 		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),

server/server_admin.go

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleUsersGet(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, v *visit
 		for i, g := range grants[u.ID] {
 			userGrants[i] = &apiUserGrantResponse{
 				Topic:      g.TopicPattern,
-				Permission: g.Allow.String(),
+				Permission: g.Permission.String(),
 			}
 		}
 		usersResponse[i] = &apiUserResponse{

server/server_test.go

@@ -3069,6 +3069,61 @@ func TestServer_MessageTemplate_UnsafeSprigFunctions(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, 40043, toHTTPError(t, response.Body.String()).Code)
 }
 
+func TestServer_MessageTemplate_InlineNewlines(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfig(t))
+	response := request(t, s, "PUT", "/mytopic", `{}`, map[string]string{
+		"X-Message":  `{{"New\nlines"}}`,
+		"X-Title":    `{{"New\nlines"}}`,
+		"X-Template": "1",
+	})
+
+	require.Equal(t, 200, response.Code)
+	m := toMessage(t, response.Body.String())
+	require.Equal(t, `New
+lines`, m.Message)
+	require.Equal(t, `New
+lines`, m.Title)
+}
+
+func TestServer_MessageTemplate_InlineNewlinesOutsideOfTemplate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfig(t))
+	response := request(t, s, "PUT", "/mytopic", `{"foo":"bar","food":"bag"}`, map[string]string{
+		"X-Message":  `{{.foo}}{{"\n"}}{{.food}}`,
+		"X-Title":    `{{.food}}{{"\n"}}{{.foo}}`,
+		"X-Template": "1",
+	})
+
+	require.Equal(t, 200, response.Code)
+	m := toMessage(t, response.Body.String())
+	require.Equal(t, `bar
+bag`, m.Message)
+	require.Equal(t, `bag
+bar`, m.Title)
+}
+
+func TestServer_MessageTemplate_TemplateFileNewlines(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := newTestConfig(t)
+	c.TemplateDir = t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(c.TemplateDir, "newline.yml"), []byte(`
+title: |
+  {{.food}}{{"\n"}}{{.foo}}
+message: |
+  {{.foo}}{{"\n"}}{{.food}}
+`), 0644))
+	s := newTestServer(t, c)
+	response := request(t, s, "POST", "/mytopic?template=newline", `{"foo":"bar","food":"bag"}`, nil)
+	fmt.Println(response.Body.String())
+	require.Equal(t, 200, response.Code)
+	m := toMessage(t, response.Body.String())
+	require.Equal(t, `bar
+bag`, m.Message)
+	require.Equal(t, `bag
+bar`, m.Title)
+}
+
 var (
 	//go:embed testdata/webhook_github_comment_created.json
 	githubCommentCreatedJSON string

server/types.go

@@ -245,19 +245,46 @@ func (q *queryFilter) Pass(msg *message) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+// templateMode represents the mode in which templates are used
+//
+// It can be
+// - empty: templating is disabled
+// - a boolean string (yes/1/true/no/0/false): inline-templating mode
+// - a filename (e.g. grafana): template mode with a file
 type templateMode string
 
+// Enabled returns true if templating is enabled
 func (t templateMode) Enabled() bool {
 	return t != ""
 }
 
-func (t templateMode) Name() string {
-	if isBoolValue(string(t)) {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return string(t)
+// InlineMode returns true if inline-templating mode is enabled
+func (t templateMode) InlineMode() bool {
+	return t.Enabled() && isBoolValue(string(t))
 }
 
+// FileMode returns true if file-templating mode is enabled
+func (t templateMode) FileMode() bool {
+	return t.Enabled() && !isBoolValue(string(t))
+}
+
+// FileName returns the filename if file-templating mode is enabled, or an empty string otherwise
+func (t templateMode) FileName() string {
+	if t.FileMode() {
+		return string(t)
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// templateFile represents a template file with title and message
+// It is used for file-based templates, e.g. grafana, influxdb, etc.
+//
+// Example YAML:
+//
+//	  title: "Alert: {{ .Title }}"
+//	  message: |
+//		   This is a {{ .Type }} alert.
+//		   It can be multiline.
 type templateFile struct {
 	Title   *string `yaml:"title"`
 	Message *string `yaml:"message"`

user/manager.go

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import (
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/log"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
 	"net/netip"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ const (
 			role TEXT CHECK (role IN ('anonymous', 'admin', 'user')) NOT NULL,
 			prefs JSON NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
 			sync_topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			provisioned INT NOT NULL,
 			stats_messages INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
 			stats_emails INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
 			stats_calls INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
@@ -97,6 +100,7 @@ const (
 			read INT NOT NULL,
 			write INT NOT NULL,
 			owner_user_id INT,
+			provisioned INT NOT NULL,
 			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, topic),
 			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
 		    FOREIGN KEY (owner_user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
@@ -108,9 +112,11 @@ const (
 			last_access INT NOT NULL,
 			last_origin TEXT NOT NULL,
 			expires INT NOT NULL,
+			provisioned INT NOT NULL,
 			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, token),
 			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
 		);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_token ON user_token (token);
 		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_phone (
 			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
 			phone_number TEXT NOT NULL,
@@ -121,8 +127,8 @@ const (
 			id INT PRIMARY KEY,
 			version INT NOT NULL
 		);
-		INSERT INTO user (id, user, pass, role, sync_topic, created)
-		VALUES ('` + everyoneID + `', '*', '', 'anonymous', '', UNIXEPOCH())
+		INSERT INTO user (id, user, pass, role, sync_topic, provisioned, created)
+		VALUES ('` + everyoneID + `', '*', '', 'anonymous', '', false, UNIXEPOCH())
 		ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING;
 		COMMIT;
 	`
@@ -132,26 +138,26 @@ const (
 	`
 
 	selectUserByIDQuery = `
-		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
 		FROM user u
 		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
 		WHERE u.id = ?
 	`
 	selectUserByNameQuery = `
-		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
 		FROM user u
 		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
 		WHERE user = ?
 	`
 	selectUserByTokenQuery = `
-		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
 		FROM user u
 		JOIN user_token tk on u.id = tk.user_id
 		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
 		WHERE tk.token = ? AND (tk.expires = 0 OR tk.expires >= ?)
 	`
 	selectUserByStripeCustomerIDQuery = `
-		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
 		FROM user u
 		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
 		WHERE u.stripe_customer_id = ?
@@ -165,8 +171,8 @@ const (
 	`
 
 	insertUserQuery = `
-		INSERT INTO user (id, user, pass, role, sync_topic, created)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		INSERT INTO user (id, user, pass, role, sync_topic, provisioned, created)
+		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
 	`
 	selectUsernamesQuery = `
 		SELECT user
@@ -178,29 +184,31 @@ const (
 				ELSE 2
 			END, user
 	`
-	selectUserCountQuery         = `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user`
-	updateUserPassQuery          = `UPDATE user SET pass = ? WHERE user = ?`
-	updateUserRoleQuery          = `UPDATE user SET role = ? WHERE user = ?`
-	updateUserPrefsQuery         = `UPDATE user SET prefs = ? WHERE id = ?`
-	updateUserStatsQuery         = `UPDATE user SET stats_messages = ?, stats_emails = ?, stats_calls = ? WHERE id = ?`
-	updateUserStatsResetAllQuery = `UPDATE user SET stats_messages = 0, stats_emails = 0, stats_calls = 0`
-	updateUserDeletedQuery       = `UPDATE user SET deleted = ? WHERE id = ?`
-	deleteUsersMarkedQuery       = `DELETE FROM user WHERE deleted < ?`
-	deleteUserQuery              = `DELETE FROM user WHERE user = ?`
+	selectUserCountQuery          = `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user`
+	selectUserIDFromUsernameQuery = `SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?`
+	updateUserPassQuery           = `UPDATE user SET pass = ? WHERE user = ?`
+	updateUserRoleQuery           = `UPDATE user SET role = ? WHERE user = ?`
+	updateUserProvisionedQuery    = `UPDATE user SET provisioned = ? WHERE user = ?`
+	updateUserPrefsQuery          = `UPDATE user SET prefs = ? WHERE id = ?`
+	updateUserStatsQuery          = `UPDATE user SET stats_messages = ?, stats_emails = ?, stats_calls = ? WHERE id = ?`
+	updateUserStatsResetAllQuery  = `UPDATE user SET stats_messages = 0, stats_emails = 0, stats_calls = 0`
+	updateUserDeletedQuery        = `UPDATE user SET deleted = ? WHERE id = ?`
+	deleteUsersMarkedQuery        = `DELETE FROM user WHERE deleted < ?`
+	deleteUserQuery               = `DELETE FROM user WHERE user = ?`
 
 	upsertUserAccessQuery = `
-		INSERT INTO user_access (user_id, topic, read, write, owner_user_id)
-		VALUES ((SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?), ?, ?, ?, (SELECT IIF(?='',NULL,(SELECT id FROM user WHERE user=?))))
+		INSERT INTO user_access (user_id, topic, read, write, owner_user_id, provisioned)
+		VALUES ((SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?), ?, ?, ?, (SELECT IIF(?='',NULL,(SELECT id FROM user WHERE user=?))), ?)
 		ON CONFLICT (user_id, topic)
-		DO UPDATE SET read=excluded.read, write=excluded.write, owner_user_id=excluded.owner_user_id
+		DO UPDATE SET read=excluded.read, write=excluded.write, owner_user_id=excluded.owner_user_id, provisioned=excluded.provisioned
 	`
 	selectUserAllAccessQuery = `
-		SELECT user_id, topic, read, write
+		SELECT user_id, topic, read, write, provisioned
 		FROM user_access
 		ORDER BY LENGTH(topic) DESC, write DESC, read DESC, topic
 	`
 	selectUserAccessQuery = `
-		SELECT topic, read, write
+		SELECT topic, read, write, provisioned
 		FROM user_access
 		WHERE user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
 		ORDER BY LENGTH(topic) DESC, write DESC, read DESC, topic
@@ -216,7 +224,7 @@ const (
 	selectUserReservationsCountQuery = `
 		SELECT COUNT(*)
 		FROM user_access
-		WHERE user_id = owner_user_id 
+		WHERE user_id = owner_user_id
 		  AND owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
 	`
 	selectUserReservationsOwnerQuery = `
@@ -244,23 +252,31 @@ const (
 		WHERE user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
 		   OR owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
 	`
-	deleteTopicAccessQuery = `
+	deleteUserAccessProvisionedQuery = `DELETE FROM user_access WHERE provisioned = 1`
+	deleteTopicAccessQuery           = `
 		DELETE FROM user_access
 	   	WHERE (user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?) OR owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?))
 	   	  AND topic = ?
   	`
 
-	selectTokenCountQuery      = `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ?`
-	selectTokensQuery          = `SELECT token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ?`
-	selectTokenQuery           = `SELECT token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ? AND token = ?`
-	insertTokenQuery           = `INSERT INTO user_token (user_id, token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`
-	updateTokenExpiryQuery     = `UPDATE user_token SET expires = ? WHERE user_id = ? AND token = ?`
-	updateTokenLabelQuery      = `UPDATE user_token SET label = ? WHERE user_id = ? AND token = ?`
-	updateTokenLastAccessQuery = `UPDATE user_token SET last_access = ?, last_origin = ? WHERE token = ?`
-	deleteTokenQuery           = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ? AND token = ?`
-	deleteAllTokenQuery        = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ?`
-	deleteExpiredTokensQuery   = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE expires > 0 AND expires < ?`
-	deleteExcessTokensQuery    = `
+	selectTokenCountQuery           = `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ?`
+	selectTokensQuery               = `SELECT token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires, provisioned FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ?`
+	selectTokenQuery                = `SELECT token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires, provisioned FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ? AND token = ?`
+	selectAllProvisionedTokensQuery = `SELECT token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires, provisioned FROM user_token WHERE provisioned = 1`
+	upsertTokenQuery                = `
+		INSERT INTO user_token (user_id, token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires, provisioned)
+		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		ON CONFLICT (user_id, token)
+		DO UPDATE SET label = excluded.label, expires = excluded.expires, provisioned = excluded.provisioned;
+	`
+	updateTokenExpiryQuery      = `UPDATE user_token SET expires = ? WHERE user_id = ? AND token = ?`
+	updateTokenLabelQuery       = `UPDATE user_token SET label = ? WHERE user_id = ? AND token = ?`
+	updateTokenLastAccessQuery  = `UPDATE user_token SET last_access = ?, last_origin = ? WHERE token = ?`
+	deleteTokenQuery            = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ? AND token = ?`
+	deleteProvisionedTokenQuery = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE token = ?`
+	deleteAllTokenQuery         = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ?`
+	deleteExpiredTokensQuery    = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE expires > 0 AND expires < ?`
+	deleteExcessTokensQuery     = `
 		DELETE FROM user_token
 		WHERE user_id = ?
 		  AND (user_id, token) NOT IN (
@@ -312,7 +328,7 @@ const (
 
 // Schema management queries
 const (
-	currentSchemaVersion     = 5
+	currentSchemaVersion     = 6
 	insertSchemaVersion      = `INSERT INTO schemaVersion VALUES (1, ?)`
 	updateSchemaVersion      = `UPDATE schemaVersion SET version = ? WHERE id = 1`
 	selectSchemaVersionQuery = `SELECT version FROM schemaVersion WHERE id = 1`
@@ -427,6 +443,100 @@ const (
 	migrate4To5UpdateQueries = `
 		UPDATE user_access SET topic = REPLACE(topic, '_', '\_');
 	`
+
+	// 5 -> 6
+	migrate5To6UpdateQueries = `
+		PRAGMA foreign_keys=off;
+
+		-- Alter user table: Add provisioned column
+		ALTER TABLE user RENAME TO user_old;
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user (
+		    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			tier_id TEXT,
+			user TEXT NOT NULL,
+			pass TEXT NOT NULL,
+			role TEXT CHECK (role IN ('anonymous', 'admin', 'user')) NOT NULL,
+			prefs JSON NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
+			sync_topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			provisioned INT NOT NULL,
+			stats_messages INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stats_emails INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stats_calls INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stripe_customer_id TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_id TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_status TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_interval TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_paid_until INT,
+			stripe_subscription_cancel_at INT,
+			created INT NOT NULL,
+			deleted INT,
+		    FOREIGN KEY (tier_id) REFERENCES tier (id)
+		);
+		INSERT INTO user
+		SELECT
+		    id,
+		    tier_id,
+		    user,
+		    pass,
+		    role,
+		    prefs,
+		    sync_topic,
+		    0, -- provisioned
+		    stats_messages,
+		    stats_emails,
+		    stats_calls,
+		    stripe_customer_id,
+		    stripe_subscription_id,
+		    stripe_subscription_status,
+		    stripe_subscription_interval,
+		    stripe_subscription_paid_until,
+		    stripe_subscription_cancel_at,
+		    created,
+		    deleted
+		FROM user_old;
+		DROP TABLE user_old;
+
+		-- Alter user_access table: Add provisioned column
+		ALTER TABLE user_access RENAME TO user_access_old;
+		CREATE TABLE user_access (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			read INT NOT NULL,
+			write INT NOT NULL,
+			owner_user_id INT,
+			provisioned INTEGER NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, topic),
+			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+			FOREIGN KEY (owner_user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+		);
+		INSERT INTO user_access SELECT *, 0 FROM user_access_old;
+		DROP TABLE user_access_old;
+
+		-- Alter user_token table: Add provisioned column
+		ALTER TABLE user_token RENAME TO user_token_old;
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_token (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			token TEXT NOT NULL,
+			label TEXT NOT NULL,
+			last_access INT NOT NULL,
+			last_origin TEXT NOT NULL,
+			expires INT NOT NULL,
+			provisioned INT NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, token),
+			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+		);
+		INSERT INTO user_token SELECT *, 0 FROM user_token_old;
+		DROP TABLE user_token_old;
+
+		-- Recreate indices
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user ON user (user);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_stripe_customer_id ON user (stripe_customer_id);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_stripe_subscription_id ON user (stripe_subscription_id);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_token ON user_token (token);
+
+		-- Re-enable foreign keys
+		PRAGMA foreign_keys=on;
+	`
 )
 
 var (
@@ -435,42 +545,70 @@ var (
 		2: migrateFrom2,
 		3: migrateFrom3,
 		4: migrateFrom4,
+		5: migrateFrom5,
 	}
 )
 
 // Manager is an implementation of Manager. It stores users and access control list
 // in a SQLite database.
 type Manager struct {
-	db            *sql.DB
-	defaultAccess Permission              // Default permission if no ACL matches
-	statsQueue    map[string]*Stats       // "Queue" to asynchronously write user stats to the database (UserID -> Stats)
-	tokenQueue    map[string]*TokenUpdate // "Queue" to asynchronously write token access stats to the database (Token ID -> TokenUpdate)
-	bcryptCost    int                     // Makes testing easier
-	mu            sync.Mutex
+	config     *Config
+	db         *sql.DB
+	statsQueue map[string]*Stats       // "Queue" to asynchronously write user stats to the database (UserID -> Stats)
+	tokenQueue map[string]*TokenUpdate // "Queue" to asynchronously write token access stats to the database (Token ID -> TokenUpdate)
+	mu         sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// Config holds the configuration for the user Manager
+type Config struct {
+	Filename            string              // Database filename, e.g. "/var/lib/ntfy/user.db"
+	StartupQueries      string              // Queries to run on startup, e.g. to create initial users or tiers
+	DefaultAccess       Permission          // Default permission if no ACL matches
+	ProvisionEnabled    bool                // Hack: Enable auto-provisioning of users and access grants, disabled for "ntfy user" commands
+	Users               []*User             // Predefined users to create on startup
+	Access              map[string][]*Grant // Predefined access grants to create on startup (username -> []*Grant)
+	Tokens              map[string][]*Token // Predefined users to create on startup (username -> []*Token)
+	QueueWriterInterval time.Duration       // Interval for the async queue writer to flush stats and token updates to the database
+	BcryptCost          int                 // Cost of generated passwords; lowering makes testing faster
 }
 
 var _ Auther = (*Manager)(nil)
 
 // NewManager creates a new Manager instance
-func NewManager(filename, startupQueries string, defaultAccess Permission, bcryptCost int, queueWriterInterval time.Duration) (*Manager, error) {
-	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filename)
+func NewManager(config *Config) (*Manager, error) {
+	// Set defaults
+	if config.BcryptCost <= 0 {
+		config.BcryptCost = DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost
+	}
+	if config.QueueWriterInterval.Seconds() <= 0 {
+		config.QueueWriterInterval = DefaultUserStatsQueueWriterInterval
+	}
+	// Check the parent directory of the database file (makes for friendly error messages)
+	parentDir := filepath.Dir(config.Filename)
+	if !util.FileExists(parentDir) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("user database directory %s does not exist or is not accessible", parentDir)
+	}
+	// Open DB and run setup queries
+	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", config.Filename)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if err := setupDB(db); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if err := runStartupQueries(db, startupQueries); err != nil {
+	if err := runStartupQueries(db, config.StartupQueries); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	manager := &Manager{
-		db:            db,
-		defaultAccess: defaultAccess,
-		statsQueue:    make(map[string]*Stats),
-		tokenQueue:    make(map[string]*TokenUpdate),
-		bcryptCost:    bcryptCost,
+		db:         db,
+		config:     config,
+		statsQueue: make(map[string]*Stats),
+		tokenQueue: make(map[string]*TokenUpdate),
 	}
-	go manager.asyncQueueWriter(queueWriterInterval)
+	if err := manager.maybeProvisionUsersAccessAndTokens(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	go manager.asyncQueueWriter(config.QueueWriterInterval)
 	return manager, nil
 }
 
@@ -515,15 +653,15 @@ func (a *Manager) AuthenticateToken(token string) (*User, error) {
 // CreateToken generates a random token for the given user and returns it. The token expires
 // after a fixed duration unless ChangeToken is called. This function also prunes tokens for the
 // given user, if there are too many of them.
-func (a *Manager) CreateToken(userID, label string, expires time.Time, origin netip.Addr) (*Token, error) {
-	token := util.RandomLowerStringPrefix(tokenPrefix, tokenLength) // Lowercase only to support "<topic>+<token>@<domain>" email addresses
-	tx, err := a.db.Begin()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer tx.Rollback()
+func (a *Manager) CreateToken(userID, label string, expires time.Time, origin netip.Addr, provisioned bool) (*Token, error) {
+	return queryTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) (*Token, error) {
+		return a.createTokenTx(tx, userID, GenerateToken(), label, expires, origin, provisioned)
+	})
+}
+
+func (a *Manager) createTokenTx(tx *sql.Tx, userID, token, label string, expires time.Time, origin netip.Addr, provisioned bool) (*Token, error) {
 	access := time.Now()
-	if _, err := tx.Exec(insertTokenQuery, userID, token, label, access.Unix(), origin.String(), expires.Unix()); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(upsertTokenQuery, userID, token, label, access.Unix(), origin.String(), expires.Unix(), provisioned); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	rows, err := tx.Query(selectTokenCountQuery, userID)
@@ -545,15 +683,13 @@ func (a *Manager) CreateToken(userID, label string, expires time.Time, origin ne
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
-	if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
 	return &Token{
-		Value:      token,
-		Label:      label,
-		LastAccess: access,
-		LastOrigin: origin,
-		Expires:    expires,
+		Value:       token,
+		Label:       label,
+		LastAccess:  access,
+		LastOrigin:  origin,
+		Expires:     expires,
+		Provisioned: provisioned,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -567,7 +703,26 @@ func (a *Manager) Tokens(userID string) ([]*Token, error) {
 	tokens := make([]*Token, 0)
 	for {
 		token, err := a.readToken(rows)
-		if err == ErrTokenNotFound {
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrTokenNotFound) {
+			break
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		tokens = append(tokens, token)
+	}
+	return tokens, nil
+}
+
+func (a *Manager) allProvisionedTokens() ([]*Token, error) {
+	rows, err := a.db.Query(selectAllProvisionedTokensQuery)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	tokens := make([]*Token, 0)
+	for {
+		token, err := a.readToken(rows)
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrTokenNotFound) {
 			break
 		} else if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -590,10 +745,11 @@ func (a *Manager) Token(userID, token string) (*Token, error) {
 func (a *Manager) readToken(rows *sql.Rows) (*Token, error) {
 	var token, label, lastOrigin string
 	var lastAccess, expires int64
+	var provisioned bool
 	if !rows.Next() {
 		return nil, ErrTokenNotFound
 	}
-	if err := rows.Scan(&token, &label, &lastAccess, &lastOrigin, &expires); err != nil {
+	if err := rows.Scan(&token, &label, &lastAccess, &lastOrigin, &expires, &provisioned); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -603,11 +759,12 @@ func (a *Manager) readToken(rows *sql.Rows) (*Token, error) {
 		lastOriginIP = netip.IPv4Unspecified()
 	}
 	return &Token{
-		Value:      token,
-		Label:      label,
-		LastAccess: time.Unix(lastAccess, 0),
-		LastOrigin: lastOriginIP,
-		Expires:    time.Unix(expires, 0),
+		Value:       token,
+		Label:       label,
+		LastAccess:  time.Unix(lastAccess, 0),
+		LastOrigin:  lastOriginIP,
+		Expires:     time.Unix(expires, 0),
+		Provisioned: provisioned,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -639,10 +796,16 @@ func (a *Manager) ChangeToken(userID, token string, label *string, expires *time
 
 // RemoveToken deletes the token defined in User.Token
 func (a *Manager) RemoveToken(userID, token string) error {
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.removeTokenTx(tx, userID, token)
+	})
+}
+
+func (a *Manager) removeTokenTx(tx *sql.Tx, userID, token string) error {
 	if token == "" {
 		return errNoTokenProvided
 	}
-	if _, err := a.db.Exec(deleteTokenQuery, userID, token); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(deleteTokenQuery, userID, token); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -666,7 +829,7 @@ func (a *Manager) PhoneNumbers(userID string) ([]string, error) {
 	phoneNumbers := make([]string, 0)
 	for {
 		phoneNumber, err := a.readPhoneNumber(rows)
-		if err == ErrPhoneNumberNotFound {
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrPhoneNumberNotFound) {
 			break
 		} else if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -816,13 +979,20 @@ func (a *Manager) writeTokenUpdateQueue() error {
 	log.Tag(tag).Debug("Writing token update queue for %d token(s)", len(tokenQueue))
 	for tokenID, update := range tokenQueue {
 		log.Tag(tag).Trace("Updating token %s with last access time %v", tokenID, update.LastAccess.Unix())
-		if _, err := tx.Exec(updateTokenLastAccessQuery, update.LastAccess.Unix(), update.LastOrigin.String(), tokenID); err != nil {
+		if err := a.updateTokenLastAccessTx(tx, tokenID, update.LastAccess.Unix(), update.LastOrigin.String()); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 	return tx.Commit()
 }
 
+func (a *Manager) updateTokenLastAccessTx(tx *sql.Tx, token string, lastAccess int64, lastOrigin string) error {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(updateTokenLastAccessQuery, lastAccess, lastOrigin, token); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Authorize returns nil if the given user has access to the given topic using the desired
 // permission. The user param may be nil to signal an anonymous user.
 func (a *Manager) Authorize(user *User, topic string, perm Permission) error {
@@ -843,7 +1013,7 @@ func (a *Manager) Authorize(user *User, topic string, perm Permission) error {
 	}
 	defer rows.Close()
 	if !rows.Next() {
-		return a.resolvePerms(a.defaultAccess, perm)
+		return a.resolvePerms(a.config.DefaultAccess, perm)
 	}
 	var read, write bool
 	if err := rows.Scan(&read, &write); err != nil {
@@ -865,23 +1035,33 @@ func (a *Manager) resolvePerms(base, perm Permission) error {
 
 // AddUser adds a user with the given username, password and role
 func (a *Manager) AddUser(username, password string, role Role, hashed bool) error {
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.addUserTx(tx, username, password, role, hashed, false)
+	})
+}
+
+// AddUser adds a user with the given username, password and role
+func (a *Manager) addUserTx(tx *sql.Tx, username, password string, role Role, hashed, provisioned bool) error {
 	if !AllowedUsername(username) || !AllowedRole(role) {
 		return ErrInvalidArgument
 	}
-	var hash []byte
+	var hash string
 	var err error = nil
 	if hashed {
-		hash = []byte(password)
+		hash = password
+		if err := ValidPasswordHash(hash); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	} else {
-		hash, err = bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(password), a.bcryptCost)
+		hash, err = hashPassword(password, a.config.BcryptCost)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 	userID := util.RandomStringPrefix(userIDPrefix, userIDLength)
 	syncTopic, now := util.RandomStringPrefix(syncTopicPrefix, syncTopicLength), time.Now().Unix()
-	if _, err = a.db.Exec(insertUserQuery, userID, username, hash, role, syncTopic, now); err != nil {
-		if sqliteErr, ok := err.(sqlite3.Error); ok && sqliteErr.ExtendedCode == sqlite3.ErrConstraintUnique {
+	if _, err = tx.Exec(insertUserQuery, userID, username, hash, role, syncTopic, provisioned, now); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, sqlite3.ErrConstraintUnique) {
 			return ErrUserExists
 		}
 		return err
@@ -892,11 +1072,17 @@ func (a *Manager) AddUser(username, password string, role Role, hashed bool) err
 // RemoveUser deletes the user with the given username. The function returns nil on success, even
 // if the user did not exist in the first place.
 func (a *Manager) RemoveUser(username string) error {
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.removeUserTx(tx, username)
+	})
+}
+
+func (a *Manager) removeUserTx(tx *sql.Tx, username string) error {
 	if !AllowedUsername(username) {
 		return ErrInvalidArgument
 	}
 	// Rows in user_access, user_token, etc. are deleted via foreign keys
-	if _, err := a.db.Exec(deleteUserQuery, username); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(deleteUserQuery, username); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -1010,24 +1196,26 @@ func (a *Manager) userByToken(token string) (*User, error) {
 func (a *Manager) readUser(rows *sql.Rows) (*User, error) {
 	defer rows.Close()
 	var id, username, hash, role, prefs, syncTopic string
+	var provisioned bool
 	var stripeCustomerID, stripeSubscriptionID, stripeSubscriptionStatus, stripeSubscriptionInterval, stripeMonthlyPriceID, stripeYearlyPriceID, tierID, tierCode, tierName sql.NullString
 	var messages, emails, calls int64
 	var messagesLimit, messagesExpiryDuration, emailsLimit, callsLimit, reservationsLimit, attachmentFileSizeLimit, attachmentTotalSizeLimit, attachmentExpiryDuration, attachmentBandwidthLimit, stripeSubscriptionPaidUntil, stripeSubscriptionCancelAt, deleted sql.NullInt64
 	if !rows.Next() {
 		return nil, ErrUserNotFound
 	}
-	if err := rows.Scan(&id, &username, &hash, &role, &prefs, &syncTopic, &messages, &emails, &calls, &stripeCustomerID, &stripeSubscriptionID, &stripeSubscriptionStatus, &stripeSubscriptionInterval, &stripeSubscriptionPaidUntil, &stripeSubscriptionCancelAt, &deleted, &tierID, &tierCode, &tierName, &messagesLimit, &messagesExpiryDuration, &emailsLimit, &callsLimit, &reservationsLimit, &attachmentFileSizeLimit, &attachmentTotalSizeLimit, &attachmentExpiryDuration, &attachmentBandwidthLimit, &stripeMonthlyPriceID, &stripeYearlyPriceID); err != nil {
+	if err := rows.Scan(&id, &username, &hash, &role, &prefs, &syncTopic, &provisioned, &messages, &emails, &calls, &stripeCustomerID, &stripeSubscriptionID, &stripeSubscriptionStatus, &stripeSubscriptionInterval, &stripeSubscriptionPaidUntil, &stripeSubscriptionCancelAt, &deleted, &tierID, &tierCode, &tierName, &messagesLimit, &messagesExpiryDuration, &emailsLimit, &callsLimit, &reservationsLimit, &attachmentFileSizeLimit, &attachmentTotalSizeLimit, &attachmentExpiryDuration, &attachmentBandwidthLimit, &stripeMonthlyPriceID, &stripeYearlyPriceID); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	user := &User{
-		ID:        id,
-		Name:      username,
-		Hash:      hash,
-		Role:      Role(role),
-		Prefs:     &Prefs{},
-		SyncTopic: syncTopic,
+		ID:          id,
+		Name:        username,
+		Hash:        hash,
+		Role:        Role(role),
+		Prefs:       &Prefs{},
+		SyncTopic:   syncTopic,
+		Provisioned: provisioned,
 		Stats: &Stats{
 			Messages: messages,
 			Emails:   emails,
@@ -1078,8 +1266,8 @@ func (a *Manager) AllGrants() (map[string][]Grant, error) {
 	grants := make(map[string][]Grant, 0)
 	for rows.Next() {
 		var userID, topic string
-		var read, write bool
-		if err := rows.Scan(&userID, &topic, &read, &write); err != nil {
+		var read, write, provisioned bool
+		if err := rows.Scan(&userID, &topic, &read, &write, &provisioned); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -1089,7 +1277,8 @@ func (a *Manager) AllGrants() (map[string][]Grant, error) {
 		}
 		grants[userID] = append(grants[userID], Grant{
 			TopicPattern: fromSQLWildcard(topic),
-			Allow:        NewPermission(read, write),
+			Permission:   NewPermission(read, write),
+			Provisioned:  provisioned,
 		})
 	}
 	return grants, nil
@@ -1105,15 +1294,16 @@ func (a *Manager) Grants(username string) ([]Grant, error) {
 	grants := make([]Grant, 0)
 	for rows.Next() {
 		var topic string
-		var read, write bool
-		if err := rows.Scan(&topic, &read, &write); err != nil {
+		var read, write, provisioned bool
+		if err := rows.Scan(&topic, &read, &write, &provisioned); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		grants = append(grants, Grant{
 			TopicPattern: fromSQLWildcard(topic),
-			Allow:        NewPermission(read, write),
+			Permission:   NewPermission(read, write),
+			Provisioned:  provisioned,
 		})
 	}
 	return grants, nil
@@ -1199,18 +1389,26 @@ func (a *Manager) ReservationOwner(topic string) (string, error) {
 
 // ChangePassword changes a user's password
 func (a *Manager) ChangePassword(username, password string, hashed bool) error {
-	var hash []byte
-	var err error
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.changePasswordTx(tx, username, password, hashed)
+	})
+}
 
+func (a *Manager) changePasswordTx(tx *sql.Tx, username, password string, hashed bool) error {
+	var hash string
+	var err error
 	if hashed {
-		hash = []byte(password)
+		hash = password
+		if err := ValidPasswordHash(hash); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	} else {
-		hash, err = bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(password), a.bcryptCost)
+		hash, err = hashPassword(password, a.config.BcryptCost)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	if _, err := a.db.Exec(updateUserPassQuery, hash, username); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(updateUserPassQuery, hash, username); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -1219,20 +1417,41 @@ func (a *Manager) ChangePassword(username, password string, hashed bool) error {
 // ChangeRole changes a user's role. When a role is changed from RoleUser to RoleAdmin,
 // all existing access control entries (Grant) are removed, since they are no longer needed.
 func (a *Manager) ChangeRole(username string, role Role) error {
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.changeRoleTx(tx, username, role)
+	})
+}
+
+func (a *Manager) changeRoleTx(tx *sql.Tx, username string, role Role) error {
 	if !AllowedUsername(username) || !AllowedRole(role) {
 		return ErrInvalidArgument
 	}
-	if _, err := a.db.Exec(updateUserRoleQuery, string(role), username); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(updateUserRoleQuery, string(role), username); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if role == RoleAdmin {
-		if _, err := a.db.Exec(deleteUserAccessQuery, username, username); err != nil {
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(deleteUserAccessQuery, username, username); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
+// ChangeProvisioned changes the provisioned status of a user. This is used to mark users as
+// provisioned. A provisioned user is a user defined in the config file.
+func (a *Manager) ChangeProvisioned(username string, provisioned bool) error {
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.changeProvisionedTx(tx, username, provisioned)
+	})
+}
+
+func (a *Manager) changeProvisionedTx(tx *sql.Tx, username string, provisioned bool) error {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(updateUserProvisionedQuery, provisioned, username); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // ChangeTier changes a user's tier using the tier code. This function does not delete reservations, messages,
 // or attachments, even if the new tier has lower limits in this regard. That has to be done elsewhere.
 func (a *Manager) ChangeTier(username, tier string) error {
@@ -1306,13 +1525,19 @@ func (a *Manager) AllowReservation(username string, topic string) error {
 // read/write access to a topic. The parameter topicPattern may include wildcards (*). The ACL entry
 // owner may either be a user (username), or the system (empty).
 func (a *Manager) AllowAccess(username string, topicPattern string, permission Permission) error {
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.allowAccessTx(tx, username, topicPattern, permission, false)
+	})
+}
+
+func (a *Manager) allowAccessTx(tx *sql.Tx, username string, topicPattern string, permission Permission, provisioned bool) error {
 	if !AllowedUsername(username) && username != Everyone {
 		return ErrInvalidArgument
 	} else if !AllowedTopicPattern(topicPattern) {
 		return ErrInvalidArgument
 	}
 	owner := ""
-	if _, err := a.db.Exec(upsertUserAccessQuery, username, toSQLWildcard(topicPattern), permission.IsRead(), permission.IsWrite(), owner, owner); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(upsertUserAccessQuery, username, toSQLWildcard(topicPattern), permission.IsRead(), permission.IsWrite(), owner, owner, provisioned); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -1321,19 +1546,25 @@ func (a *Manager) AllowAccess(username string, topicPattern string, permission P
 // ResetAccess removes an access control list entry for a specific username/topic, or (if topic is
 // empty) for an entire user. The parameter topicPattern may include wildcards (*).
 func (a *Manager) ResetAccess(username string, topicPattern string) error {
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.resetAccessTx(tx, username, topicPattern)
+	})
+}
+
+func (a *Manager) resetAccessTx(tx *sql.Tx, username string, topicPattern string) error {
 	if !AllowedUsername(username) && username != Everyone && username != "" {
 		return ErrInvalidArgument
 	} else if !AllowedTopicPattern(topicPattern) && topicPattern != "" {
 		return ErrInvalidArgument
 	}
 	if username == "" && topicPattern == "" {
-		_, err := a.db.Exec(deleteAllAccessQuery, username)
+		_, err := tx.Exec(deleteAllAccessQuery, username)
 		return err
 	} else if topicPattern == "" {
-		_, err := a.db.Exec(deleteUserAccessQuery, username, username)
+		_, err := tx.Exec(deleteUserAccessQuery, username, username)
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err := a.db.Exec(deleteTopicAccessQuery, username, username, toSQLWildcard(topicPattern))
+	_, err := tx.Exec(deleteTopicAccessQuery, username, username, toSQLWildcard(topicPattern))
 	return err
 }
 
@@ -1349,10 +1580,10 @@ func (a *Manager) AddReservation(username string, topic string, everyone Permiss
 		return err
 	}
 	defer tx.Rollback()
-	if _, err := tx.Exec(upsertUserAccessQuery, username, escapeUnderscore(topic), true, true, username, username); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(upsertUserAccessQuery, username, escapeUnderscore(topic), true, true, username, username, false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if _, err := tx.Exec(upsertUserAccessQuery, Everyone, escapeUnderscore(topic), everyone.IsRead(), everyone.IsWrite(), username, username); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(upsertUserAccessQuery, Everyone, escapeUnderscore(topic), everyone.IsRead(), everyone.IsWrite(), username, username, false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return tx.Commit()
@@ -1387,7 +1618,7 @@ func (a *Manager) RemoveReservations(username string, topics ...string) error {
 
 // DefaultAccess returns the default read/write access if no access control entry matches
 func (a *Manager) DefaultAccess() Permission {
-	return a.defaultAccess
+	return a.config.DefaultAccess
 }
 
 // AddTier creates a new tier in the database
@@ -1505,6 +1736,147 @@ func (a *Manager) Close() error {
 	return a.db.Close()
 }
 
+// maybeProvisionUsersAccessAndTokens provisions users, access control entries, and tokens based on the config.
+func (a *Manager) maybeProvisionUsersAccessAndTokens() error {
+	if !a.config.ProvisionEnabled {
+		return nil
+	}
+	existingUsers, err := a.Users()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	provisionUsernames := util.Map(a.config.Users, func(u *User) string {
+		return u.Name
+	})
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		if err := a.maybeProvisionUsers(tx, provisionUsernames, existingUsers); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to provision users: %v", err)
+		}
+		if err := a.maybeProvisionGrants(tx); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to provision grants: %v", err)
+		}
+		if err := a.maybeProvisionTokens(tx, provisionUsernames); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to provision tokens: %v", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+// maybeProvisionUsers checks if the users in the config are provisioned, and adds or updates them.
+// It also removes users that are provisioned, but not in the config anymore.
+func (a *Manager) maybeProvisionUsers(tx *sql.Tx, provisionUsernames []string, existingUsers []*User) error {
+	// Remove users that are provisioned, but not in the config anymore
+	for _, user := range existingUsers {
+		if user.Name == Everyone {
+			continue
+		} else if user.Provisioned && !util.Contains(provisionUsernames, user.Name) {
+			if err := a.removeUserTx(tx, user.Name); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to remove provisioned user %s: %v", user.Name, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// Add or update provisioned users
+	for _, user := range a.config.Users {
+		if user.Name == Everyone {
+			continue
+		}
+		existingUser, exists := util.Find(existingUsers, func(u *User) bool {
+			return u.Name == user.Name
+		})
+		if !exists {
+			if err := a.addUserTx(tx, user.Name, user.Hash, user.Role, true, true); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrUserExists) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to add provisioned user %s: %v", user.Name, err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			if !existingUser.Provisioned {
+				if err := a.changeProvisionedTx(tx, user.Name, true); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed to change provisioned status for user %s: %v", user.Name, err)
+				}
+			}
+			if existingUser.Hash != user.Hash {
+				if err := a.changePasswordTx(tx, user.Name, user.Hash, true); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed to change password for provisioned user %s: %v", user.Name, err)
+				}
+			}
+			if existingUser.Role != user.Role {
+				if err := a.changeRoleTx(tx, user.Name, user.Role); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed to change role for provisioned user %s: %v", user.Name, err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// maybyProvisionGrants removes all provisioned grants, and (re-)adds the grants from the config.
+//
+// Unlike users and tokens, grants can be just re-added, because they do not carry any state (such as last
+// access time) or do not have dependent resources (such as grants or tokens).
+func (a *Manager) maybeProvisionGrants(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+	// Remove all provisioned grants
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(deleteUserAccessProvisionedQuery); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// (Re-)add provisioned grants
+	for username, grants := range a.config.Access {
+		user, exists := util.Find(a.config.Users, func(u *User) bool {
+			return u.Name == username
+		})
+		if !exists && username != Everyone {
+			return fmt.Errorf("user %s is not a provisioned user, refusing to add ACL entry", username)
+		} else if user != nil && user.Role == RoleAdmin {
+			return fmt.Errorf("adding access control entries is not allowed for admin roles for user %s", username)
+		}
+		for _, grant := range grants {
+			if err := a.resetAccessTx(tx, username, grant.TopicPattern); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to reset access for user %s and topic %s: %v", username, grant.TopicPattern, err)
+			}
+			if err := a.allowAccessTx(tx, username, grant.TopicPattern, grant.Permission, true); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (a *Manager) maybeProvisionTokens(tx *sql.Tx, provisionUsernames []string) error {
+	// Remove tokens that are provisioned, but not in the config anymore
+	existingTokens, err := a.allProvisionedTokens()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve existing provisioned tokens: %v", err)
+	}
+	var provisionTokens []string
+	for _, userTokens := range a.config.Tokens {
+		for _, token := range userTokens {
+			provisionTokens = append(provisionTokens, token.Value)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, existingToken := range existingTokens {
+		if !slices.Contains(provisionTokens, existingToken.Value) {
+			if _, err := tx.Exec(deleteProvisionedTokenQuery, existingToken.Value); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to remove provisioned token %s: %v", existingToken.Value, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// (Re-)add provisioned tokens
+	for username, tokens := range a.config.Tokens {
+		if !slices.Contains(provisionUsernames, username) && username != Everyone {
+			return fmt.Errorf("user %s is not a provisioned user, refusing to add tokens", username)
+		}
+		var userID string
+		row := tx.QueryRow(selectUserIDFromUsernameQuery, username)
+		if err := row.Scan(&userID); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to find provisioned user %s for provisioned tokens", username)
+		}
+		for _, token := range tokens {
+			if _, err := a.createTokenTx(tx, userID, token.Value, token.Label, time.Unix(0, 0), netip.IPv4Unspecified(), true); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // toSQLWildcard converts a wildcard string to a SQL wildcard string. It only allows '*' as wildcards,
 // and escapes '_', assuming '\' as escape character.
 func toSQLWildcard(s string) string {
@@ -1676,6 +2048,22 @@ func migrateFrom4(db *sql.DB) error {
 	return tx.Commit()
 }
 
+func migrateFrom5(db *sql.DB) error {
+	log.Tag(tag).Info("Migrating user database schema: from 5 to 6")
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(migrate5To6UpdateQueries); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(updateSchemaVersion, 6); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
 func nullString(s string) sql.NullString {
 	if s == "" {
 		return sql.NullString{}
@@ -1689,3 +2077,35 @@ func nullInt64(v int64) sql.NullInt64 {
 	}
 	return sql.NullInt64{Int64: v, Valid: true}
 }
+
+// execTx executes a function in a transaction. If the function returns an error, the transaction is rolled back.
+func execTx(db *sql.DB, f func(tx *sql.Tx) error) error {
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	if err := f(tx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
+// queryTx executes a function in a transaction and returns the result. If the function
+// returns an error, the transaction is rolled back.
+func queryTx[T any](db *sql.DB, f func(tx *sql.Tx) (T, error)) (T, error) {
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		var zero T
+		return zero, err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	t, err := f(tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return t, err
+	}
+	if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+		return t, err
+	}
+	return t, nil
+}

user/manager_test.go

@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ func TestManager_FullScenario_Default_DenyAll(t *testing.T) {
 	benGrants, err := a.Grants("ben")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, []Grant{
-		{"everyonewrite", PermissionDenyAll},
-		{"mytopic", PermissionReadWrite},
-		{"writeme", PermissionWrite},
-		{"readme", PermissionRead},
+		{"everyonewrite", PermissionDenyAll, false},
+		{"mytopic", PermissionReadWrite, false},
+		{"writeme", PermissionWrite, false},
+		{"readme", PermissionRead, false},
 	}, benGrants)
 
 	john, err := a.Authenticate("john", "john")
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ func TestManager_FullScenario_Default_DenyAll(t *testing.T) {
 	johnGrants, err := a.Grants("john")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, []Grant{
-		{"mytopic_deny*", PermissionDenyAll},
-		{"mytopic_ro*", PermissionRead},
-		{"mytopic*", PermissionReadWrite},
-		{"*", PermissionRead},
+		{"mytopic_deny*", PermissionDenyAll, false},
+		{"mytopic_ro*", PermissionRead, false},
+		{"mytopic*", PermissionReadWrite, false},
+		{"*", PermissionRead, false},
 	}, johnGrants)
 
 	notben, err := a.Authenticate("ben", "this is wrong")
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ func TestManager_MarkUserRemoved_RemoveDeletedUsers(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.False(t, u.Deleted)
 
-	token, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Now().Add(time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	token, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Now().Add(time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified(), false)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
 	u, err = a.Authenticate("user", "pass")
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ func TestManager_CreateToken_Only_Lower(t *testing.T) {
 	u, err := a.User("user")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
-	token, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Now().Add(time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	token, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Now().Add(time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified(), false)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, token.Value, strings.ToLower(token.Value))
 }
@@ -277,10 +277,10 @@ func TestManager_UserManagement(t *testing.T) {
 	benGrants, err := a.Grants("ben")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, []Grant{
-		{"everyonewrite", PermissionDenyAll},
-		{"mytopic", PermissionReadWrite},
-		{"writeme", PermissionWrite},
-		{"readme", PermissionRead},
+		{"everyonewrite", PermissionDenyAll, false},
+		{"mytopic", PermissionReadWrite, false},
+		{"writeme", PermissionWrite, false},
+		{"readme", PermissionRead, false},
 	}, benGrants)
 
 	everyone, err := a.User(Everyone)
@@ -292,8 +292,8 @@ func TestManager_UserManagement(t *testing.T) {
 	everyoneGrants, err := a.Grants(Everyone)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, []Grant{
-		{"everyonewrite", PermissionReadWrite},
-		{"announcements", PermissionRead},
+		{"everyonewrite", PermissionReadWrite, false},
+		{"announcements", PermissionRead, false},
 	}, everyoneGrants)
 
 	// Ben: Before revoking
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ func TestManager_UserManagement(t *testing.T) {
 func TestManager_ChangePassword(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
 	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleAdmin, false))
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("jane", "$2b$10$OyqU72muEy7VMd1SAU2Iru5IbeSMgrtCGHu/fWLmxL1MwlijQXWbG", RoleUser, true))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("jane", "$2a$10$OyqU72muEy7VMd1SAU2Iru5IbeSMgrtCGHu/fWLmxL1MwlijQXWbG", RoleUser, true))
 
 	_, err := a.Authenticate("phil", "phil")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ func TestManager_ChangePassword(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err = a.Authenticate("phil", "newpass")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
-	require.Nil(t, a.ChangePassword("jane", "$2b$10$CNaCW.q1R431urlbQ5Drh.zl48TiiOeJSmZgfcswkZiPbJGQ1ApSS", true))
+	require.Nil(t, a.ChangePassword("jane", "$2a$10$CNaCW.q1R431urlbQ5Drh.zl48TiiOeJSmZgfcswkZiPbJGQ1ApSS", true))
 	_, err = a.Authenticate("jane", "jane")
 	require.Equal(t, ErrUnauthenticated, err)
 	_, err = a.Authenticate("jane", "newpass")
@@ -489,12 +489,12 @@ func TestManager_ChangeRoleFromTierUserToAdmin(t *testing.T) {
 	benGrants, err := a.Grants("ben")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(benGrants))
-	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, benGrants[0].Allow)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, benGrants[0].Permission)
 
 	everyoneGrants, err := a.Grants(Everyone)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(everyoneGrants))
-	require.Equal(t, PermissionDenyAll, everyoneGrants[0].Allow)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionDenyAll, everyoneGrants[0].Permission)
 
 	benReservations, err := a.Reservations("ben")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ func TestManager_Token_Valid(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
 	// Create token for user
-	token, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "some label", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	token, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "some label", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified(), false)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.NotEmpty(t, token.Value)
 	require.Equal(t, "some label", token.Label)
@@ -586,12 +586,12 @@ func TestManager_Token_Expire(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
 	// Create tokens for user
-	token1, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	token1, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified(), false)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.NotEmpty(t, token1.Value)
 	require.True(t, time.Now().Add(71*time.Hour).Unix() < token1.Expires.Unix())
 
-	token2, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	token2, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified(), false)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.NotEmpty(t, token2.Value)
 	require.NotEqual(t, token1.Value, token2.Value)
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ func TestManager_Token_Extend(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, errNoTokenProvided, err)
 
 	// Create token for user
-	token, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	token, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified(), false)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.NotEmpty(t, token.Value)
 
@@ -668,12 +668,12 @@ func TestManager_Token_MaxCount_AutoDelete(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Create 2 tokens for phil
 	philTokens := make([]string, 0)
-	token, err := a.CreateToken(phil.ID, "", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	token, err := a.CreateToken(phil.ID, "", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified(), false)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.NotEmpty(t, token.Value)
 	philTokens = append(philTokens, token.Value)
 
-	token, err = a.CreateToken(phil.ID, "", time.Unix(0, 0), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	token, err = a.CreateToken(phil.ID, "", time.Unix(0, 0), netip.IPv4Unspecified(), false)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.NotEmpty(t, token.Value)
 	philTokens = append(philTokens, token.Value)
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ func TestManager_Token_MaxCount_AutoDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	baseTime := time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour)
 	benTokens := make([]string, 0)
 	for i := 0; i < 62; i++ { //
-		token, err := a.CreateToken(ben.ID, "", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+		token, err := a.CreateToken(ben.ID, "", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified(), false)
 		require.Nil(t, err)
 		require.NotEmpty(t, token.Value)
 		benTokens = append(benTokens, token.Value)
@@ -731,7 +731,14 @@ func TestManager_Token_MaxCount_AutoDelete(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestManager_EnqueueStats_ResetStats(t *testing.T) {
-	a, err := NewManager(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "db"), "", PermissionReadWrite, bcrypt.MinCost, 1500*time.Millisecond)
+	conf := &Config{
+		Filename:            filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "db"),
+		StartupQueries:      "",
+		DefaultAccess:       PermissionReadWrite,
+		BcryptCost:          bcrypt.MinCost,
+		QueueWriterInterval: 1500 * time.Millisecond,
+	}
+	a, err := NewManager(conf)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 
@@ -773,7 +780,14 @@ func TestManager_EnqueueStats_ResetStats(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestManager_EnqueueTokenUpdate(t *testing.T) {
-	a, err := NewManager(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "db"), "", PermissionReadWrite, bcrypt.MinCost, 500*time.Millisecond)
+	conf := &Config{
+		Filename:            filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "db"),
+		StartupQueries:      "",
+		DefaultAccess:       PermissionReadWrite,
+		BcryptCost:          bcrypt.MinCost,
+		QueueWriterInterval: 500 * time.Millisecond,
+	}
+	a, err := NewManager(conf)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 
@@ -781,7 +795,7 @@ func TestManager_EnqueueTokenUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 	u, err := a.User("ben")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
-	token, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Now().Add(time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	token, err := a.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Now().Add(time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified(), false)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
 	// Queue token update
@@ -806,7 +820,14 @@ func TestManager_EnqueueTokenUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestManager_ChangeSettings(t *testing.T) {
-	a, err := NewManager(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "db"), "", PermissionReadWrite, bcrypt.MinCost, 1500*time.Millisecond)
+	conf := &Config{
+		Filename:            filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "db"),
+		StartupQueries:      "",
+		DefaultAccess:       PermissionReadWrite,
+		BcryptCost:          bcrypt.MinCost,
+		QueueWriterInterval: 1500 * time.Millisecond,
+	}
+	a, err := NewManager(conf)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 
@@ -1075,6 +1096,234 @@ func TestManager_Topic_Wildcard_With_Underscore(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, ErrUnauthorized, a.Authorize(nil, "mytopicX", PermissionWrite))
 }
 
+func TestManager_WithProvisionedUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	f := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "user.db")
+	conf := &Config{
+		Filename:         f,
+		DefaultAccess:    PermissionReadWrite,
+		ProvisionEnabled: true,
+		Users: []*User{
+			{Name: "philuser", Hash: "$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C", Role: RoleUser},
+			{Name: "philadmin", Hash: "$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C", Role: RoleAdmin},
+		},
+		Access: map[string][]*Grant{
+			"philuser": {
+				{TopicPattern: "stats", Permission: PermissionReadWrite},
+				{TopicPattern: "secret", Permission: PermissionRead},
+			},
+		},
+		Tokens: map[string][]*Token{
+			"philuser": {
+				{Value: "tk_op56p8lz5bf3cxkz9je99v9oc37lo", Label: "Alerts token"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	a, err := NewManager(conf)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	// Manually add user
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("philmanual", "manual", RoleUser, false))
+
+	// Check that the provisioned users are there
+	users, err := a.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, users, 4)
+	require.Equal(t, "philadmin", users[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleAdmin, users[0].Role)
+	require.Equal(t, "philmanual", users[1].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleUser, users[1].Role)
+	require.Equal(t, "philuser", users[2].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleUser, users[2].Role)
+	require.Equal(t, "*", users[3].Name)
+	provisionedUserID := users[2].ID // "philuser" is the provisioned user
+
+	grants, err := a.Grants("philuser")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(grants))
+	require.Equal(t, "secret", grants[0].TopicPattern)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionRead, grants[0].Permission)
+	require.Equal(t, "stats", grants[1].TopicPattern)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, grants[1].Permission)
+
+	tokens, err := a.Tokens(provisionedUserID)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(tokens))
+	require.Equal(t, "tk_op56p8lz5bf3cxkz9je99v9oc37lo", tokens[0].Value)
+	require.Equal(t, "Alerts token", tokens[0].Label)
+	require.True(t, tokens[0].Provisioned)
+
+	// Update the token last access time and origin (so we can check that it is persisted)
+	lastAccessTime := time.Now().Add(time.Hour)
+	lastOrigin := netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.9.9")
+	err = execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.updateTokenLastAccessTx(tx, tokens[0].Value, lastAccessTime.Unix(), lastOrigin.String())
+	})
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	// Re-open the DB (second app start)
+	require.Nil(t, a.db.Close())
+	conf.Users = []*User{
+		{Name: "philuser", Hash: "$2a$10$AAAU21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C", Role: RoleUser},
+	}
+	conf.Access = map[string][]*Grant{
+		"philuser": {
+			{TopicPattern: "stats12", Permission: PermissionReadWrite},
+			{TopicPattern: "secret12", Permission: PermissionRead},
+		},
+	}
+	conf.Tokens = map[string][]*Token{
+		"philuser": {
+			{Value: "tk_op56p8lz5bf3cxkz9je99v9oc37lo", Label: "Alerts token updated"},
+			{Value: "tk_u48wqendnkx9er21pqqcadlytbutx", Label: "Another token"},
+		},
+	}
+	a, err = NewManager(conf)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	// Check that the provisioned users are there
+	users, err = a.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, users, 3)
+	require.Equal(t, "philmanual", users[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "philuser", users[1].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleUser, users[1].Role)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleUser, users[0].Role)
+	require.Equal(t, "*", users[2].Name)
+
+	grants, err = a.Grants("philuser")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(grants))
+	require.Equal(t, "secret12", grants[0].TopicPattern)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionRead, grants[0].Permission)
+	require.Equal(t, "stats12", grants[1].TopicPattern)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, grants[1].Permission)
+
+	tokens, err = a.Tokens(provisionedUserID)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(tokens))
+	require.Equal(t, "tk_op56p8lz5bf3cxkz9je99v9oc37lo", tokens[0].Value)
+	require.Equal(t, "Alerts token updated", tokens[0].Label)
+	require.Equal(t, lastAccessTime.Unix(), tokens[0].LastAccess.Unix())
+	require.Equal(t, lastOrigin, tokens[0].LastOrigin)
+	require.True(t, tokens[0].Provisioned)
+	require.Equal(t, "tk_u48wqendnkx9er21pqqcadlytbutx", tokens[1].Value)
+	require.Equal(t, "Another token", tokens[1].Label)
+
+	// Re-open the DB again (third app start)
+	require.Nil(t, a.db.Close())
+	conf.Users = []*User{}
+	conf.Access = map[string][]*Grant{}
+	conf.Tokens = map[string][]*Token{}
+	a, err = NewManager(conf)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	// Check that the provisioned users are all gone
+	users, err = a.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, users, 2)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "philmanual", users[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleUser, users[0].Role)
+	require.Equal(t, "*", users[1].Name)
+
+	grants, err = a.Grants("philuser")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, len(grants))
+
+	tokens, err = a.Tokens(provisionedUserID)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, len(tokens))
+
+	var count int
+	a.db.QueryRow("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user WHERE provisioned = 1").Scan(&count)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, count)
+	a.db.QueryRow("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user_grant WHERE provisioned = 1").Scan(&count)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, count)
+	a.db.QueryRow("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user_token WHERE provisioned = 1").Scan(&count)
+}
+
+func TestManager_UpdateNonProvisionedUsersToProvisionedUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	f := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "user.db")
+	conf := &Config{
+		Filename:         f,
+		DefaultAccess:    PermissionReadWrite,
+		ProvisionEnabled: true,
+		Users:            []*User{},
+		Access: map[string][]*Grant{
+			Everyone: {
+				{TopicPattern: "food", Permission: PermissionRead},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	a, err := NewManager(conf)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	// Manually add user
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("philuser", "manual", RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AllowAccess("philuser", "stats", PermissionReadWrite))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AllowAccess("philuser", "food", PermissionReadWrite))
+
+	users, err := a.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, users, 2)
+	require.Equal(t, "philuser", users[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleUser, users[0].Role)
+	require.False(t, users[0].Provisioned) // Manually added
+
+	grants, err := a.Grants("philuser")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(grants))
+	require.Equal(t, "stats", grants[0].TopicPattern)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, grants[0].Permission)
+	require.False(t, grants[0].Provisioned) // Manually added
+	require.Equal(t, "food", grants[1].TopicPattern)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, grants[1].Permission)
+	require.False(t, grants[1].Provisioned) // Manually added
+
+	grants, err = a.Grants(Everyone)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(grants))
+	require.Equal(t, "food", grants[0].TopicPattern)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionRead, grants[0].Permission)
+	require.True(t, grants[0].Provisioned) // Provisioned entry
+
+	// Re-open the DB (second app start)
+	require.Nil(t, a.db.Close())
+	conf.Users = []*User{
+		{Name: "philuser", Hash: "$2a$10$AAAU21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C", Role: RoleUser},
+	}
+	conf.Access = map[string][]*Grant{
+		"philuser": {
+			{TopicPattern: "stats", Permission: PermissionReadWrite},
+		},
+	}
+	a, err = NewManager(conf)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	// Check that the user was "upgraded" to a provisioned user
+	users, err = a.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, users, 2)
+	require.Equal(t, "philuser", users[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleUser, users[0].Role)
+	require.Equal(t, "$2a$10$AAAU21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C", users[0].Hash)
+	require.True(t, users[0].Provisioned) // Updated to provisioned!
+
+	grants, err = a.Grants("philuser")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(grants))
+	require.Equal(t, "stats", grants[0].TopicPattern)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, grants[0].Permission)
+	require.True(t, grants[0].Provisioned) // Updated to provisioned!
+	require.Equal(t, "food", grants[1].TopicPattern)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, grants[1].Permission)
+	require.False(t, grants[1].Provisioned) // Manually added grants stay!
+
+	grants, err = a.Grants(Everyone)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Empty(t, grants)
+}
+
 func TestToFromSQLWildcard(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, "up%", toSQLWildcard("up*"))
 	require.Equal(t, "up\\_%", toSQLWildcard("up_*"))
@@ -1162,16 +1411,16 @@ func TestMigrationFrom1(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NotEqual(t, ben.SyncTopic, phil.SyncTopic)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(benGrants))
 	require.Equal(t, "secret", benGrants[0].TopicPattern)
-	require.Equal(t, PermissionRead, benGrants[0].Allow)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionRead, benGrants[0].Permission)
 	require.Equal(t, "stats", benGrants[1].TopicPattern)
-	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, benGrants[1].Allow)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, benGrants[1].Permission)
 
 	require.Equal(t, "u_everyone", everyone.ID)
 	require.Equal(t, Everyone, everyone.Name)
 	require.Equal(t, RoleAnonymous, everyone.Role)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(everyoneGrants))
 	require.Equal(t, "stats", everyoneGrants[0].TopicPattern)
-	require.Equal(t, PermissionRead, everyoneGrants[0].Allow)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionRead, everyoneGrants[0].Permission)
 }
 
 func TestMigrationFrom4(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1336,7 +1585,14 @@ func newTestManager(t *testing.T, defaultAccess Permission) *Manager {
 }
 
 func newTestManagerFromFile(t *testing.T, filename, startupQueries string, defaultAccess Permission, bcryptCost int, statsWriterInterval time.Duration) *Manager {
-	a, err := NewManager(filename, startupQueries, defaultAccess, bcryptCost, statsWriterInterval)
+	conf := &Config{
+		Filename:            filename,
+		StartupQueries:      startupQueries,
+		DefaultAccess:       defaultAccess,
+		BcryptCost:          bcryptCost,
+		QueueWriterInterval: statsWriterInterval,
+	}
+	a, err := NewManager(conf)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	return a
 }

user/types.go

@@ -5,24 +5,24 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stripe/stripe-go/v74"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/log"
 	"net/netip"
-	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 )
 
 // User is a struct that represents a user
 type User struct {
-	ID        string
-	Name      string
-	Hash      string // password hash (bcrypt)
-	Token     string // Only set if token was used to log in
-	Role      Role
-	Prefs     *Prefs
-	Tier      *Tier
-	Stats     *Stats
-	Billing   *Billing
-	SyncTopic string
-	Deleted   bool
+	ID          string
+	Name        string
+	Hash        string // Password hash (bcrypt)
+	Token       string // Only set if token was used to log in
+	Role        Role
+	Prefs       *Prefs
+	Tier        *Tier
+	Stats       *Stats
+	Billing     *Billing
+	SyncTopic   string
+	Provisioned bool // Whether the user was provisioned by the config file
+	Deleted     bool // Whether the user was soft-deleted
 }
 
 // TierID returns the ID of the User.Tier, or an empty string if the user has no tier,
@@ -58,11 +58,12 @@ type Auther interface {
 
 // Token represents a user token, including expiry date
 type Token struct {
-	Value      string
-	Label      string
-	LastAccess time.Time
-	LastOrigin netip.Addr
-	Expires    time.Time
+	Value       string
+	Label       string
+	LastAccess  time.Time
+	LastOrigin  netip.Addr
+	Expires     time.Time
+	Provisioned bool
 }
 
 // TokenUpdate holds information about the last access time and origin IP address of a token
@@ -148,7 +149,8 @@ type Billing struct {
 // Grant is a struct that represents an access control entry to a topic by a user
 type Grant struct {
 	TopicPattern string // May include wildcard (*)
-	Allow        Permission
+	Permission   Permission
+	Provisioned  bool // Whether the grant was provisioned by the config file
 }
 
 // Reservation is a struct that represents the ownership over a topic by a user
@@ -240,38 +242,6 @@ const (
 	everyoneID = "u_everyone"
 )
 
-var (
-	allowedUsernameRegex     = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_.+@a-zA-Z0-9]+$`)    // Does not include Everyone (*)
-	allowedTopicRegex        = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_A-Za-z0-9]{1,64}$`)  // No '*'
-	allowedTopicPatternRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_*A-Za-z0-9]{1,64}$`) // Adds '*' for wildcards!
-	allowedTierRegex         = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_A-Za-z0-9]{1,64}$`)
-)
-
-// AllowedRole returns true if the given role can be used for new users
-func AllowedRole(role Role) bool {
-	return role == RoleUser || role == RoleAdmin
-}
-
-// AllowedUsername returns true if the given username is valid
-func AllowedUsername(username string) bool {
-	return allowedUsernameRegex.MatchString(username)
-}
-
-// AllowedTopic returns true if the given topic name is valid
-func AllowedTopic(topic string) bool {
-	return allowedTopicRegex.MatchString(topic)
-}
-
-// AllowedTopicPattern returns true if the given topic pattern is valid; this includes the wildcard character (*)
-func AllowedTopicPattern(topic string) bool {
-	return allowedTopicPatternRegex.MatchString(topic)
-}
-
-// AllowedTier returns true if the given tier name is valid
-func AllowedTier(tier string) bool {
-	return allowedTierRegex.MatchString(tier)
-}
-
 // Error constants used by the package
 var (
 	ErrUnauthenticated     = errors.New("unauthenticated")
@@ -279,6 +249,7 @@ var (
 	ErrInvalidArgument     = errors.New("invalid argument")
 	ErrUserNotFound        = errors.New("user not found")
 	ErrUserExists          = errors.New("user already exists")
+	ErrPasswordHashInvalid = errors.New("password hash but be a bcrypt hash, use 'ntfy user hash' to generate")
 	ErrTierNotFound        = errors.New("tier not found")
 	ErrTokenNotFound       = errors.New("token not found")
 	ErrPhoneNumberNotFound = errors.New("phone number not found")

user/util.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package user
+
+import (
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+var (
+	allowedUsernameRegex     = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_.+@a-zA-Z0-9]+$`)    // Does not include Everyone (*)
+	allowedTopicRegex        = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_A-Za-z0-9]{1,64}$`)  // No '*'
+	allowedTopicPatternRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_*A-Za-z0-9]{1,64}$`) // Adds '*' for wildcards!
+	allowedTierRegex         = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_A-Za-z0-9]{1,64}$`)
+	allowedTokenRegex        = regexp.MustCompile(`^tk_[-_A-Za-z0-9]{29}$`) // Must be tokenLength-len(tokenPrefix)
+)
+
+// AllowedRole returns true if the given role can be used for new users
+func AllowedRole(role Role) bool {
+	return role == RoleUser || role == RoleAdmin
+}
+
+// AllowedUsername returns true if the given username is valid
+func AllowedUsername(username string) bool {
+	return allowedUsernameRegex.MatchString(username)
+}
+
+// AllowedTopic returns true if the given topic name is valid
+func AllowedTopic(topic string) bool {
+	return allowedTopicRegex.MatchString(topic)
+}
+
+// AllowedTopicPattern returns true if the given topic pattern is valid; this includes the wildcard character (*)
+func AllowedTopicPattern(topic string) bool {
+	return allowedTopicPatternRegex.MatchString(topic)
+}
+
+// AllowedTier returns true if the given tier name is valid
+func AllowedTier(tier string) bool {
+	return allowedTierRegex.MatchString(tier)
+}
+
+// ValidPasswordHash checks if the given password hash is a valid bcrypt hash
+func ValidPasswordHash(hash string) error {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(hash, "$2a$") && !strings.HasPrefix(hash, "$2b$") && !strings.HasPrefix(hash, "$2y$") {
+		return ErrPasswordHashInvalid
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ValidToken returns true if the given token matches the naming convention
+func ValidToken(token string) bool {
+	return allowedTokenRegex.MatchString(token)
+}
+
+// GenerateToken generates a new token with a prefix and a fixed length
+// Lowercase only to support "<topic>+<token>@<domain>" email addresses
+func GenerateToken() string {
+	return util.RandomLowerStringPrefix(tokenPrefix, tokenLength)
+}
+
+// HashPassword hashes the given password using bcrypt with the configured cost
+func HashPassword(password string) (string, error) {
+	return hashPassword(password, DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost)
+}
+
+func hashPassword(password string, cost int) (string, error) {
+	hash, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(password), cost)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return string(hash), nil
+}

util/util.go

@@ -120,6 +120,18 @@ func Filter[T any](slice []T, f func(T) bool) []T {
 	return result
 }
 
+// Find returns the first element in the slice that satisfies the given function, and a boolean indicating
+// whether such an element was found. If no element is found, it returns the zero value of T and false.
+func Find[T any](slice []T, f func(T) bool) (T, bool) {
+	for _, v := range slice {
+		if f(v) {
+			return v, true
+		}
+	}
+	var zero T
+	return zero, false
+}
+
 // RandomString returns a random string with a given length
 func RandomString(length int) string {
 	return RandomStringPrefix("", length)

web/package-lock.json

@@ -395,14 +395,14 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/helpers": {
-      "version": "7.27.6",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helpers/-/helpers-7.27.6.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-muE8Tt8M22638HU31A3CgfSUciwz1fhATfoVai05aPXGor//CdWDCbnlY1yvBPo07njuVOCNGCSp/GTt12lIug==",
+      "version": "7.28.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helpers/-/helpers-7.28.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-/V9771t+EgXz62aCcyofnQhGM8DQACbRhvzKFsXKC9QM+5MadF8ZmIm0crDMaz3+o0h0zXfJnd4EhbYbxsrcFw==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "@babel/template": "^7.27.2",
-        "@babel/types": "^7.27.6"
+        "@babel/types": "^7.28.2"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6.9.0"
@@ -1558,9 +1558,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/runtime": {
-      "version": "7.27.6",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/runtime/-/runtime-7.27.6.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-vbavdySgbTTrmFE+EsiqUTzlOr5bzlnJtUv9PynGCAKvfQqjIXbvFdumPM/GxMDfyuGMJaJAU6TO4zc1Jf1i8Q==",
+      "version": "7.28.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/runtime/-/runtime-7.28.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-KHp2IflsnGywDjBWDkR9iEqiWSpc8GIi0lgTT3mOElT0PP1tG26P4tmFI2YvAdzgq9RGyoHZQEIEdZy6Ec5xCA==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6.9.0"
@@ -1599,9 +1599,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/types": {
-      "version": "7.28.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/types/-/types-7.28.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-x0LvFTekgSX+83TI28Y9wYPUfzrnl2aT5+5QLnO6v7mSJYtEEevuDRN0F0uSHRk1G1IWZC43o00Y0xDDrpBGPQ==",
+      "version": "7.28.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/types/-/types-7.28.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ruv7Ae4J5dUYULmeXw1gmb7rYRz57OWCPM57pHojnLq/3Z1CK2lNSLTCVjxVk1F/TZHwOZZrOWi0ur95BbLxNQ==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "@babel/helper-string-parser": "^7.27.1",
@@ -2731,9 +2731,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@rollup/rollup-android-arm-eabi": {
-      "version": "4.45.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-android-arm-eabi/-/rollup-android-arm-eabi-4.45.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-NEySIFvMY0ZQO+utJkgoMiCAjMrGvnbDLHvcmlA33UXJpYBCvlBEbMMtV837uCkS+plG2umfhn0T5mMAxGrlRA==",
+      "version": "4.46.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-android-arm-eabi/-/rollup-android-arm-eabi-4.46.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Zj3Hl6sN34xJtMv7Anwb5Gu01yujyE/cLBDB2gnHTAHaWS1Z38L7kuSG+oAh0giZMqG060f/YBStXtMH6FvPMA==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm"
       ],
@@ -2745,9 +2745,9 @@
       ]
     },
     "node_modules/@rollup/rollup-android-arm64": {
-      "version": "4.45.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-android-arm64/-/rollup-android-arm64-4.45.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-ujQ+sMXJkg4LRJaYreaVx7Z/VMgBBd89wGS4qMrdtfUFZ+TSY5Rs9asgjitLwzeIbhwdEhyj29zhst3L1lKsRQ==",
+      "version": "4.46.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-android-arm64/-/rollup-android-arm64-4.46.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-nTeCWY83kN64oQ5MGz3CgtPx8NSOhC5lWtsjTs+8JAJNLcP3QbLCtDDgUKQc/Ro/frpMq4SHUaHN6AMltcEoLQ==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
       ],
@@ -2759,9 +2759,9 @@
       ]
     },
     "node_modules/@rollup/rollup-darwin-arm64": {
-      "version": "4.45.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-darwin-arm64/-/rollup-darwin-arm64-4.45.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-FSncqHvqTm3lC6Y13xncsdOYfxGSLnP+73k815EfNmpewPs+EyM49haPS105Rh4aF5mJKywk9X0ogzLXZzN9lA==",
+      "version": "4.46.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-darwin-arm64/-/rollup-darwin-arm64-4.46.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-HV7bW2Fb/F5KPdM/9bApunQh68YVDU8sO8BvcW9OngQVN3HHHkw99wFupuUJfGR9pYLLAjcAOA6iO+evsbBaPQ==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
       ],
@@ -2773,9 +2773,9 @@
       ]
     },
     "node_modules/@rollup/rollup-darwin-x64": {
-      "version": "4.45.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-darwin-x64/-/rollup-darwin-x64-4.45.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-2/vVn/husP5XI7Fsf/RlhDaQJ7x9zjvC81anIVbr4b/f0xtSmXQTFcGIQ/B1cXIYM6h2nAhJkdMHTnD7OtQ9Og==",
+      "version": "4.46.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-darwin-x64/-/rollup-darwin-x64-4.46.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-SSj8TlYV5nJixSsm/y3QXfhspSiLYP11zpfwp6G/YDXctf3Xkdnk4woJIF5VQe0of2OjzTt8EsxnJDCdHd2xMA==",
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
@@ -2787,9 +2787,9 @@
       ]
     },
     "node_modules/@rollup/rollup-freebsd-arm64": {
-      "version": "4.45.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-freebsd-arm64/-/rollup-freebsd-arm64-4.45.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-4g1kaDxQItZsrkVTdYQ0bxu4ZIQ32cotoQbmsAnW1jAE4XCMbcBPDirX5fyUzdhVCKgPcrwWuucI8yrVRBw2+g==",
+      "version": "4.46.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-freebsd-arm64/-/rollup-freebsd-arm64-4.46.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ZyrsG4TIT9xnOlLsSSi9w/X29tCbK1yegE49RYm3tu3wF1L/B6LVMqnEWyDB26d9Ecx9zrmXCiPmIabVuLmNSg==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
       ],
@@ -2801,9 +2801,9 @@
       ]
     },
     "node_modules/@rollup/rollup-freebsd-x64": {
-      "version": "4.45.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-freebsd-x64/-/rollup-freebsd-x64-4.45.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-L/6JsfiL74i3uK1Ti2ZFSNsp5NMiM4/kbbGEcOCps99aZx3g8SJMO1/9Y0n/qKlWZfn6sScf98lEOUe2mBvW9A==",
+      "version": "4.46.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-freebsd-x64/-/rollup-freebsd-x64-4.46.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-pCgHFoOECwVCJ5GFq8+gR8SBKnMO+xe5UEqbemxBpCKYQddRQMgomv1104RnLSg7nNvgKy05sLsY51+OVRyiVw==",
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
@@ -2815,9 +2815,9 @@
       ]
     },
     "node_modules/@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-gnueabihf": {
-      "version": "4.45.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-gnueabihf/-/rollup-linux-arm-gnueabihf-4.45.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-RkdOTu2jK7brlu+ZwjMIZfdV2sSYHK2qR08FUWcIoqJC2eywHbXr0L8T/pONFwkGukQqERDheaGTeedG+rra6Q==",
+      "version": "4.46.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-gnueabihf/-/rollup-linux-arm-gnueabihf-4.46.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-EtP8aquZ0xQg0ETFcxUbU71MZlHaw9MChwrQzatiE8U/bvi5uv/oChExXC4mWhjiqK7azGJBqU0tt5H123SzVA==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm"
       ],
@@ -2829,9 +2829,9 @@
       ]
     },
     "node_modules/@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-musleabihf": {
-      "version": "4.45.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-musleabihf/-/rollup-linux-arm-musleabihf-4.45.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-3kJ8pgfBt6CIIr1o+HQA7OZ9mp/zDk3ctekGl9qn/pRBgrRgfwiffaUmqioUGN9hv0OHv2gxmvdKOkARCtRb8Q==",
+      "version": "4.46.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-musleabihf/-/rollup-linux-arm-musleabihf-4.46.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-qO7F7U3u1nfxYRPM8HqFtLd+raev2K137dsV08q/LRKRLEc7RsiDWihUnrINdsWQxPR9jqZ8DIIZ1zJJAm5PjQ==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm"
       ],
@@ -2843,9 +2843,9 @@
       ]
     },
     "node_modules/@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-gnu": {
-      "version": "4.45.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-gnu/-/rollup-linux-arm64-gnu-4.45.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-k3dOKCfIVixWjG7OXTCOmDfJj3vbdhN0QYEqB+OuGArOChek22hn7Uy5A/gTDNAcCy5v2YcXRJ/Qcnm4/ma1xw==",
+      "version": "4.46.2",
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