WIP Busy timeout

Advanced message templating: Sprig functions, pre-defined templates, custom templates via `template-dir`

.github/workflows/build.yaml

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: '1.22.x'
+          go-version: '1.24.x'
       - name: Install node
         uses: actions/setup-node@v3
         with:

.github/workflows/release.yaml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: '1.22.x'
+          go-version: '1.24.x'
       - name: Install node
         uses: actions/setup-node@v3
         with:

.github/workflows/test.yaml

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: '1.22.x'
+          go-version: '1.24.x'
       - name: Install node
         uses: actions/setup-node@v3
         with:

.gitignore

@@ -15,3 +15,4 @@ node_modules/
 __pycache__
 web/dev-dist/
 venv/
+cmd/key-file.yaml

.goreleaser.yml

@@ -1,76 +1,70 @@
+version: 2
 before:
   hooks:
     - go mod download
     - go mod tidy
 builds:
-  -
-    id: ntfy_linux_amd64
+  - id: ntfy_linux_amd64
     binary: ntfy
     env:
       - CGO_ENABLED=1 # required for go-sqlite3
-    tags: [sqlite_omit_load_extension,osusergo,netgo]
+    tags: [ sqlite_omit_load_extension,osusergo,netgo ]
     ldflags:
       - "-linkmode=external -extldflags=-static -s -w -X main.version={{.Version}} -X main.commit={{.Commit}} -X main.date={{.Date}}"
-    goos: [linux]
-    goarch: [amd64]
-  -
-    id: ntfy_linux_armv6
+    goos: [ linux ]
+    goarch: [ amd64 ]
+  - id: ntfy_linux_armv6
     binary: ntfy
     env:
       - CGO_ENABLED=1 # required for go-sqlite3
       - CC=arm-linux-gnueabi-gcc # apt install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi
-    tags: [sqlite_omit_load_extension,osusergo,netgo]
+    tags: [ sqlite_omit_load_extension,osusergo,netgo ]
     ldflags:
       - "-linkmode=external -extldflags=-static -s -w -X main.version={{.Version}} -X main.commit={{.Commit}} -X main.date={{.Date}}"
-    goos: [linux]
-    goarch: [arm]
-    goarm: [6]
-  -
-    id: ntfy_linux_armv7
+    goos: [ linux ]
+    goarch: [ arm ]
+    goarm: [ 6 ]
+  - id: ntfy_linux_armv7
     binary: ntfy
     env:
       - CGO_ENABLED=1 # required for go-sqlite3
       - CC=arm-linux-gnueabi-gcc # apt install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi
-    tags: [sqlite_omit_load_extension,osusergo,netgo]
+    tags: [ sqlite_omit_load_extension,osusergo,netgo ]
     ldflags:
       - "-linkmode=external -extldflags=-static -s -w -X main.version={{.Version}} -X main.commit={{.Commit}} -X main.date={{.Date}}"
-    goos: [linux]
-    goarch: [arm]
-    goarm: [7]
-  -
-    id: ntfy_linux_arm64
+    goos: [ linux ]
+    goarch: [ arm ]
+    goarm: [ 7 ]
+  - id: ntfy_linux_arm64
     binary: ntfy
     env:
       - CGO_ENABLED=1 # required for go-sqlite3
       - CC=aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc # apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu
-    tags: [sqlite_omit_load_extension,osusergo,netgo]
+    tags: [ sqlite_omit_load_extension,osusergo,netgo ]
     ldflags:
       - "-linkmode=external -extldflags=-static -s -w -X main.version={{.Version}} -X main.commit={{.Commit}} -X main.date={{.Date}}"
-    goos: [linux]
-    goarch: [arm64]
-  -
-    id: ntfy_windows_amd64
+    goos: [ linux ]
+    goarch: [ arm64 ]
+  - id: ntfy_windows_amd64
     binary: ntfy
     env:
       - CGO_ENABLED=0 # explicitly disable, since we don't need go-sqlite3
-    tags: [noserver] # don't include server files
+    tags: [ noserver ] # don't include server files
     ldflags:
       - "-X main.version={{.Version}} -X main.commit={{.Commit}} -X main.date={{.Date}}"
-    goos: [windows]
-    goarch: [amd64]
-  -
-    id: ntfy_darwin_all
+    goos: [ windows ]
+    goarch: [ amd64 ]
+  - id: ntfy_darwin_all
     binary: ntfy
     env:
       - CGO_ENABLED=0 # explicitly disable, since we don't need go-sqlite3
-    tags: [noserver] # don't include server files
+    tags: [ noserver ] # don't include server files
     ldflags:
       - "-X main.version={{.Version}} -X main.commit={{.Commit}} -X main.date={{.Date}}"
-    goos: [darwin]
-    goarch: [amd64, arm64] # will be combined to "universal binary" (see below)
+    goos: [ darwin ]
+    goarch: [ amd64, arm64 ] # will be combined to "universal binary" (see below)
 nfpms:
-  -
-    package_name: ntfy
+  - package_name: ntfy
     homepage: https://heckel.io/ntfy
     maintainer: Philipp C. Heckel <philipp.heckel@gmail.com>
     description: Simple pub-sub notification service
@@ -90,6 +84,8 @@ nfpms:
         type: "config|noreplace"
       - src: client/ntfy-client.service
         dst: /lib/systemd/system/ntfy-client.service
+      - src: client/user/ntfy-client.service
+        dst: /lib/systemd/user/ntfy-client.service
       - dst: /var/cache/ntfy
         type: dir
       - dst: /var/cache/ntfy/attachments
@@ -104,9 +100,8 @@ nfpms:
       preremove: "scripts/prerm.sh"
       postremove: "scripts/postrm.sh"
 archives:
-  -
-    id: ntfy_linux
-    builds:
+  - id: ntfy_linux
+    ids:
       - ntfy_linux_amd64
       - ntfy_linux_armv6
       - ntfy_linux_armv7
@@ -119,19 +114,18 @@ archives:
       - server/ntfy.service
       - client/client.yml
       - client/ntfy-client.service
-  -
-    id: ntfy_windows
-    builds:
+      - client/user/ntfy-client.service
+  - id: ntfy_windows
+    ids:
       - ntfy_windows_amd64
-    format: zip
+    formats: [ zip ]
     wrap_in_directory: true
     files:
       - LICENSE
       - README.md
       - client/client.yml
-  -
-    id: ntfy_darwin
-    builds:
+  - id: ntfy_darwin
+    ids:
       - ntfy_darwin_all
     wrap_in_directory: true
     files:
@@ -139,14 +133,13 @@ archives:
       - README.md
       - client/client.yml
 universal_binaries:
-  -
-    id: ntfy_darwin_all
+  - id: ntfy_darwin_all
     replace: true
     name_template: ntfy
 checksum:
   name_template: 'checksums.txt'
 snapshot:
-  name_template: "{{ .Tag }}-next"
+  version_template: "{{ .Tag }}-next"
 changelog:
   sort: asc
   filters:
@@ -197,3 +190,15 @@ docker_manifests:
       - *arm64v8_image
       - *armv7_image
       - *armv6_image
+  - name_template: "binwiederhier/ntfy:v{{ .Major }}"
+    image_templates:
+      - *amd64_image
+      - *arm64v8_image
+      - *armv7_image
+      - *armv6_image
+  - name_template: "binwiederhier/ntfy:v{{ .Major }}.{{ .Minor }}"
+    image_templates:
+      - *amd64_image
+      - *arm64v8_image
+      - *armv7_image
+      - *armv6_image

Dockerfile-build

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM golang:1.22-bullseye as builder
+FROM golang:1.24-bullseye as builder
 
 ARG VERSION=dev
 ARG COMMIT=unknown
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ RUN make VERSION=$VERSION COMMIT=$COMMIT cli-linux-server
 
 FROM alpine
 
+ARG VERSION=dev
+
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.authors="philipp.heckel@gmail.com"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.url="https://ntfy.sh/"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.documentation="https://docs.ntfy.sh/"
@@ -52,6 +54,7 @@ LABEL org.opencontainers.image.vendor="Philipp C. Heckel"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.licenses="Apache-2.0, GPL-2.0"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.title="ntfy"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.description="Send push notifications to your phone or desktop using PUT/POST"
+LABEL org.opencontainers.image.version="$VERSION"
 
 COPY --from=builder /app/dist/ntfy_linux_server/ntfy /usr/bin/ntfy
 

Makefile

@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ cli-deps-static-sites:
 	touch server/docs/index.html server/site/app.html
 
 cli-deps-all:
-	go install github.com/goreleaser/goreleaser@latest
+	go install github.com/goreleaser/goreleaser/v2@latest
 
 cli-deps-gcc-armv6-armv7:
 	which arm-linux-gnueabi-gcc || { echo "ERROR: ARMv6/ARMv7 cross compiler not installed. On Ubuntu, run: apt install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi"; exit 1; }
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ cli-deps-update:
 	go get -u
 	go install honnef.co/go/tools/cmd/staticcheck@latest
 	go install golang.org/x/lint/golint@latest
-	go install github.com/goreleaser/goreleaser@latest
+	go install github.com/goreleaser/goreleaser/v2@latest
 
 cli-build-results:
 	cat dist/config.yaml
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ release: clean cli-deps release-checks docs web check
 	goreleaser release --clean
 
 release-snapshot: clean cli-deps docs web check
-	goreleaser release --snapshot --skip-publish --clean
+	goreleaser release --snapshot --clean
 
 release-checks:
 	$(eval LATEST_TAG := $(shell git describe --abbrev=0 --tags | cut -c2-))

README.md

@@ -56,20 +56,18 @@ For announcements of new releases and cutting-edge beta versions, please subscri
 topic. If you'd like to test the iOS app, join [TestFlight](https://testflight.apple.com/join/P1fFnAm9). For Android betas,
 join Discord/Matrix (I'll eventually make a testing channel in Google Play).
 
-## Contributing
-I welcome any contributions. Just create a PR or an issue. For larger features/ideas, please reach out
-on Discord/Matrix first to see if I'd accept them. To contribute code, check out the [build instructions](https://ntfy.sh/docs/develop/) 
-for the server and the Android app. Or, if you'd like to help translate 🇩🇪 🇺🇸 🇧🇬, you can start immediately in
-[Hosted Weblate](https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/ntfy/).
-
-<a href="https://hosted.weblate.org/engage/ntfy/">
-<img src="https://hosted.weblate.org/widgets/ntfy/-/multi-blue.svg" alt="Translation status" />
-</a>
-
 ## Sponsors
-I have just very recently started accepting donations via [GitHub Sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/binwiederhier),
-and [Liberapay](https://liberapay.com/ntfy). I would be humbled if you helped me carry the server and developer 
-account costs. Even small donations are very much appreciated. A big fat **Thank You** to the folks who have sponsored ntfy in the past, or are still sponsoring ntfy:
+If you'd like to support the ntfy maintainers, please consider donating to [GitHub Sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/binwiederhier) or
+and [Liberapay](https://liberapay.com/ntfy). We would be humbled if you helped carry the server and developer 
+account costs. Even small donations are very much appreciated. 
+
+Thank you to our commercial sponsors, who help keep the service running and the development going:
+
+<a href="https://m.do.co/c/442b929528db"><img src="https://opensource.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/attribution/assets/SVG/DO_Logo_horizontal_blue.svg" width="201px"></a>
+
+<a href="https://www.magicbell.com/?utm_source=ntfy"><img src="assets/sponsors/magicbell.png" width="180px"></a>
+
+And a big fat **Thank You** to the individuals who have sponsored ntfy in the past, or are still sponsoring ntfy:
 
 <a href="https://github.com/neutralinsomniac"><img src="https://github.com/neutralinsomniac.png" width="40px" /></a>
 <a href="https://github.com/aspyct"><img src="https://github.com/aspyct.png" width="40px" /></a>
@@ -186,14 +184,45 @@ account costs. Even small donations are very much appreciated. A big fat **Thank
 <a href="https://github.com/stannynuytkens"><img src="https://github.com/stannynuytkens.png" width="40px" /></a>
 <a href="https://github.com/danbartram"><img src="https://github.com/danbartram.png" width="40px" /></a>
 <a href="https://github.com/arthurgleckler"><img src="https://github.com/arthurgleckler.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/tomroth04"><img src="https://github.com/tomroth04.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/Circenn5130"><img src="https://github.com/Circenn5130.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/jceloria"><img src="https://github.com/jceloria.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/afunworm"><img src="https://github.com/afunworm.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/PTR-inc"><img src="https://github.com/PTR-inc.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/spudooli"><img src="https://github.com/spudooli.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/IMarkoMC"><img src="https://github.com/IMarkoMC.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/rubund"><img src="https://github.com/rubund.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/Riolku"><img src="https://github.com/Riolku.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/arnbrhm"><img src="https://github.com/arnbrhm.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/herzkerl"><img src="https://github.com/herzkerl.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/0x45796164"><img src="https://github.com/0x45796164.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/madchr1st"><img src="https://github.com/madchr1st.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/avalentic"><img src="https://github.com/avalentic.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/TheCraiggers"><img src="https://github.com/TheCraiggers.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/sheetd"><img src="https://github.com/sheetd.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/dlt-green"><img src="https://github.com/dlt-green.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/suhlig"><img src="https://github.com/suhlig.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/Proximus888"><img src="https://github.com/Proximus888.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/wielandp"><img src="https://github.com/wielandp.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/chxseh"><img src="https://github.com/chxseh.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/user8446"><img src="https://github.com/user8446.png" width="40px" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/cdf-eagles"><img src="https://github.com/cdf-eagles.png" width="40px" /></a>
 
-I'd also like to thank JetBrains for their awesome [IntelliJ IDEA](https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/),
-and [DigitalOcean](https://m.do.co/c/442b929528db) (*referral link*) for supporting the project:
+## Contributing
+I welcome any contributions. Just create a PR or an issue. For larger features/ideas, please reach out
+on Discord/Matrix first to see if I'd accept them. To contribute code, check out the [build instructions](https://ntfy.sh/docs/develop/)
+for the server and the Android app. Or, if you'd like to help translate 🇩🇪 🇺🇸 🇧🇬, you can start immediately in
+[Hosted Weblate](https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/ntfy/).
 
-<a href="https://m.do.co/c/442b929528db"><img src="https://opensource.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/attribution/assets/SVG/DO_Logo_horizontal_blue.svg" width="201px"></a>
+<a href="https://hosted.weblate.org/engage/ntfy/">
+<img src="https://hosted.weblate.org/widgets/ntfy/-/multi-blue.svg" alt="Translation status" />
+</a>
 
 ## Code of Conduct
-We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to make participation in our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal appearance, race, caste, color, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
+We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to make participation in our community a harassment-free experience for
+everyone, regardless of age, body size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender identity
+and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal appearance, race, caste,
+color, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
 
 **We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming, diverse, inclusive, and healthy community.**
 
@@ -224,3 +253,4 @@ Third-party libraries and resources:
 * [Statically linking go-sqlite3](https://www.arp242.net/static-go.html)
 * [Linked tabs in mkdocs](https://facelessuser.github.io/pymdown-extensions/extensions/tabbed/#linked-tabs)
 * [webpush-go](https://github.com/SherClockHolmes/webpush-go) (MIT) is used to send web push notifications
+* [Sprig](https://github.com/Masterminds/sprig) (MIT) is used to add template parsing functions

client/options.go

@@ -77,6 +77,12 @@ func WithMarkdown() PublishOption {
 	return WithHeader("X-Markdown", "yes")
 }
 
+// WithTemplate instructs the server to use a specific template for the message. If templateName is is "yes" or "1",
+// the server will interpret the message and title as a template.
+func WithTemplate(templateName string) PublishOption {
+	return WithHeader("X-Template", templateName)
+}
+
 // WithFilename sets a filename for the attachment, and/or forces the HTTP body to interpreted as an attachment
 func WithFilename(filename string) PublishOption {
 	return WithHeader("X-Filename", filename)

client/user/ntfy-client.service

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=ntfy client
+After=network.target
+
+[Service]
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/ntfy subscribe --config "%h/.config/ntfy/client.yml" --from-config
+Restart=on-failure
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=default.target

cmd/access.go

@@ -105,8 +105,10 @@ func changeAccess(c *cli.Context, manager *user.Manager, username string, topic
 		return err
 	}
 	u, err := manager.User(username)
-	if err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return err
 	} else if u.Role == user.RoleAdmin {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s is an admin user, access control entries have no effect", username)
 	}
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@ func showAllAccess(c *cli.Context, manager *user.Manager) error {
 
 func showUserAccess(c *cli.Context, manager *user.Manager, username string) error {
 	users, err := manager.User(username)
-	if err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
 	} else if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -193,19 +195,27 @@ func showUsers(c *cli.Context, manager *user.Manager, users []*user.User) error
 		if u.Tier != nil {
 			tier = u.Tier.Name
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "user %s (role: %s, tier: %s)\n", u.Name, u.Role, tier)
+		provisioned := ""
+		if u.Provisioned {
+			provisioned = ", provisioned user"
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "user %s (role: %s, tier: %s%s)\n", u.Name, u.Role, tier, provisioned)
 		if u.Role == user.RoleAdmin {
 			fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- read-write access to all topics (admin role)\n")
 		} else if len(grants) > 0 {
 			for _, grant := range grants {
-				if grant.Allow.IsReadWrite() {
-					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- read-write access to topic %s\n", grant.TopicPattern)
-				} else if grant.Allow.IsRead() {
-					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- read-only access to topic %s\n", grant.TopicPattern)
-				} else if grant.Allow.IsWrite() {
-					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- write-only access to topic %s\n", grant.TopicPattern)
+				grantProvisioned := ""
+				if grant.Provisioned {
+					grantProvisioned = ", provisioned access entry"
+				}
+				if grant.Permission.IsReadWrite() {
+					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- read-write access to topic %s%s\n", grant.TopicPattern, grantProvisioned)
+				} else if grant.Permission.IsRead() {
+					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- read-only access to topic %s%s\n", grant.TopicPattern, grantProvisioned)
+				} else if grant.Permission.IsWrite() {
+					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- write-only access to topic %s%s\n", grant.TopicPattern, grantProvisioned)
 				} else {
-					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- no access to topic %s\n", grant.TopicPattern)
+					fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "- no access to topic %s%s\n", grant.TopicPattern, grantProvisioned)
 				}
 			}
 		} else {

cmd/access_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestCLI_Access_Show(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	s, conf, port := newTestServerWithAuth(t)
 	defer test.StopServer(t, s, port)
 
@@ -20,7 +19,6 @@ func TestCLI_Access_Show(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCLI_Access_Grant_And_Publish(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	s, conf, port := newTestServerWithAuth(t)
 	defer test.StopServer(t, s, port)
 

cmd/config_loader_test.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestNewYamlSourceFromFile(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	filename := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "server.yml")
 	contents := `
 # Normal options

cmd/publish.go

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ var flagsPublish = append(
 	&cli.StringFlag{Name: "actions", Aliases: []string{"A"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_ACTIONS"}, Usage: "actions JSON array or simple definition"},
 	&cli.StringFlag{Name: "attach", Aliases: []string{"a"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_ATTACH"}, Usage: "URL to send as an external attachment"},
 	&cli.BoolFlag{Name: "markdown", Aliases: []string{"md"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_MARKDOWN"}, Usage: "Message is formatted as Markdown"},
+	&cli.StringFlag{Name: "template", Aliases: []string{"tpl"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_TEMPLATE"}, Usage: "use templates to transform JSON message body"},
 	&cli.StringFlag{Name: "filename", Aliases: []string{"name", "n"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_FILENAME"}, Usage: "filename for the attachment"},
 	&cli.StringFlag{Name: "file", Aliases: []string{"f"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_FILE"}, Usage: "file to upload as an attachment"},
 	&cli.StringFlag{Name: "email", Aliases: []string{"mail", "e"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_EMAIL"}, Usage: "also send to e-mail address"},
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ Examples:
   ntfy pub --icon="http://some.tld/icon.png" 'Icon!'      # Send notification with custom icon
   ntfy pub --attach="http://some.tld/file.zip" files      # Send ZIP archive from URL as attachment
   ntfy pub --file=flower.jpg flowers 'Nice!'              # Send image.jpg as attachment
+  echo 'message' | ntfy publish mytopic                   # Send message from stdin
   ntfy pub -u phil:mypass secret Psst                     # Publish with username/password
   ntfy pub --wait-pid 1234 mytopic                        # Wait for process 1234 to exit before publishing
   ntfy pub --wait-cmd mytopic rsync -av ./ /tmp/a         # Run command and publish after it completes
@@ -97,6 +99,7 @@ func execPublish(c *cli.Context) error {
 	actions := c.String("actions")
 	attach := c.String("attach")
 	markdown := c.Bool("markdown")
+	template := c.String("template")
 	filename := c.String("filename")
 	file := c.String("file")
 	email := c.String("email")
@@ -145,6 +148,9 @@ func execPublish(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if markdown {
 		options = append(options, client.WithMarkdown())
 	}
+	if template != "" {
+		options = append(options, client.WithTemplate(template))
+	}
 	if filename != "" {
 		options = append(options, client.WithFilename(filename))
 	}
@@ -254,6 +260,15 @@ func parseTopicMessageCommand(c *cli.Context) (topic string, message string, com
 	if c.String("message") != "" {
 		message = c.String("message")
 	}
+	if message == "" && isStdinRedirected() {
+		var data []byte
+		data, err = io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(c.App.Reader, 1024*1024))
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Debug("Failed to read from stdin: %s", err.Error())
+			return
+		}
+		message = strings.TrimSpace(string(data))
+	}
 	return
 }
 
@@ -312,3 +327,12 @@ func runAndWaitForCommand(command []string) (message string, err error) {
 	log.Debug("Command succeeded after %s: %s", runtime, prettyCmd)
 	return fmt.Sprintf("Command succeeded after %s: %s", runtime, prettyCmd), nil
 }
+
+func isStdinRedirected() bool {
+	stat, err := os.Stdin.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Failed to stat stdin: %s", err.Error())
+		return false
+	}
+	return (stat.Mode() & os.ModeCharDevice) == 0
+}

cmd/publish_test.go

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestCLI_Publish_Subscribe_Poll_Real_Server(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	testMessage := util.RandomString(10)
 	app, _, _, _ := newTestApp()
 	require.Nil(t, app.Run([]string{"ntfy", "publish", "ntfytest", "ntfy unit test " + testMessage}))
@@ -36,7 +35,6 @@ func TestCLI_Publish_Subscribe_Poll_Real_Server(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCLI_Publish_Subscribe_Poll(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	s, port := test.StartServer(t)
 	defer test.StopServer(t, s, port)
 	topic := fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d/mytopic", port)
@@ -53,7 +51,6 @@ func TestCLI_Publish_Subscribe_Poll(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCLI_Publish_All_The_Things(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	s, port := test.StartServer(t)
 	defer test.StopServer(t, s, port)
 	topic := fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d/mytopic", port)

cmd/serve.go

@@ -5,13 +5,6 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"github.com/stripe/stripe-go/v74"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2/altsrc"
-	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/log"
-	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/server"
-	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
-	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
 	"io/fs"
 	"math"
 	"net"
@@ -22,19 +15,23 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stripe/stripe-go/v74"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2/altsrc"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/log"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/server"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
 )
 
 func init() {
 	commands = append(commands, cmdServe)
 }
 
-const (
-	defaultServerConfigFile = "/etc/ntfy/server.yml"
-)
-
 var flagsServe = append(
 	append([]cli.Flag{}, flagsDefault...),
-	&cli.StringFlag{Name: "config", Aliases: []string{"c"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_CONFIG_FILE"}, Value: defaultServerConfigFile, Usage: "config file"},
+	&cli.StringFlag{Name: "config", Aliases: []string{"c"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_CONFIG_FILE"}, Value: server.DefaultConfigFile, Usage: "config file"},
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "base-url", Aliases: []string{"base_url", "B"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_BASE_URL"}, Usage: "externally visible base URL for this host (e.g. https://ntfy.sh)"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "listen-http", Aliases: []string{"listen_http", "l"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_LISTEN_HTTP"}, Value: server.DefaultListenHTTP, Usage: "ip:port used as HTTP listen address"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "listen-https", Aliases: []string{"listen_https", "L"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_LISTEN_HTTPS"}, Usage: "ip:port used as HTTPS listen address"}),
@@ -51,10 +48,13 @@ var flagsServe = append(
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "auth-file", Aliases: []string{"auth_file", "H"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_FILE"}, Usage: "auth database file used for access control"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "auth-startup-queries", Aliases: []string{"auth_startup_queries"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_STARTUP_QUERIES"}, Usage: "queries run when the auth database is initialized"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "auth-default-access", Aliases: []string{"auth_default_access", "p"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_DEFAULT_ACCESS"}, Value: "read-write", Usage: "default permissions if no matching entries in the auth database are found"}),
+	altsrc.NewStringSliceFlag(&cli.StringSliceFlag{Name: "auth-provision-users", Aliases: []string{"auth_provision_users"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_PROVISION_USERS"}, Usage: "pre-provisioned declarative users"}),
+	altsrc.NewStringSliceFlag(&cli.StringSliceFlag{Name: "auth-provision-access", Aliases: []string{"auth_provision_access"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_PROVISION_ACCESS"}, Usage: "pre-provisioned declarative access control entries"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "attachment-cache-dir", Aliases: []string{"attachment_cache_dir"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_ATTACHMENT_CACHE_DIR"}, Usage: "cache directory for attached files"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "attachment-total-size-limit", Aliases: []string{"attachment_total_size_limit", "A"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_ATTACHMENT_TOTAL_SIZE_LIMIT"}, Value: util.FormatSize(server.DefaultAttachmentTotalSizeLimit), Usage: "limit of the on-disk attachment cache"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "attachment-file-size-limit", Aliases: []string{"attachment_file_size_limit", "Y"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_ATTACHMENT_FILE_SIZE_LIMIT"}, Value: util.FormatSize(server.DefaultAttachmentFileSizeLimit), Usage: "per-file attachment size limit (e.g. 300k, 2M, 100M)"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "attachment-expiry-duration", Aliases: []string{"attachment_expiry_duration", "X"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_ATTACHMENT_EXPIRY_DURATION"}, Value: util.FormatDuration(server.DefaultAttachmentExpiryDuration), Usage: "duration after which uploaded attachments will be deleted (e.g. 3h, 20h)"}),
+	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "template-dir", Aliases: []string{"template_dir"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_TEMPLATE_DIR"}, Value: server.DefaultTemplateDir, Usage: "directory to load named message templates from"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "keepalive-interval", Aliases: []string{"keepalive_interval", "k"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL"}, Value: util.FormatDuration(server.DefaultKeepaliveInterval), Usage: "interval of keepalive messages"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "manager-interval", Aliases: []string{"manager_interval", "m"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_MANAGER_INTERVAL"}, Value: util.FormatDuration(server.DefaultManagerInterval), Usage: "interval of for message pruning and stats printing"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringSliceFlag(&cli.StringSliceFlag{Name: "disallowed-topics", Aliases: []string{"disallowed_topics"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_DISALLOWED_TOPICS"}, Usage: "topics that are not allowed to be used"}),
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ var flagsServe = append(
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "message-delay-limit", Aliases: []string{"message_delay_limit"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_MESSAGE_DELAY_LIMIT"}, Value: util.FormatDuration(server.DefaultMessageDelayMax), Usage: "max duration a message can be scheduled into the future"}),
 	altsrc.NewIntFlag(&cli.IntFlag{Name: "global-topic-limit", Aliases: []string{"global_topic_limit", "T"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_GLOBAL_TOPIC_LIMIT"}, Value: server.DefaultTotalTopicLimit, Usage: "total number of topics allowed"}),
 	altsrc.NewIntFlag(&cli.IntFlag{Name: "visitor-subscription-limit", Aliases: []string{"visitor_subscription_limit"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_VISITOR_SUBSCRIPTION_LIMIT"}, Value: server.DefaultVisitorSubscriptionLimit, Usage: "number of subscriptions per visitor"}),
+	altsrc.NewBoolFlag(&cli.BoolFlag{Name: "visitor-subscriber-rate-limiting", Aliases: []string{"visitor_subscriber_rate_limiting"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_VISITOR_SUBSCRIBER_RATE_LIMITING"}, Value: false, Usage: "enables subscriber-based rate limiting"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "visitor-attachment-total-size-limit", Aliases: []string{"visitor_attachment_total_size_limit"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_VISITOR_ATTACHMENT_TOTAL_SIZE_LIMIT"}, Value: util.FormatSize(server.DefaultVisitorAttachmentTotalSizeLimit), Usage: "total storage limit used for attachments per visitor"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "visitor-attachment-daily-bandwidth-limit", Aliases: []string{"visitor_attachment_daily_bandwidth_limit"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_VISITOR_ATTACHMENT_DAILY_BANDWIDTH_LIMIT"}, Value: "500M", Usage: "total daily attachment download/upload bandwidth limit per visitor"}),
 	altsrc.NewIntFlag(&cli.IntFlag{Name: "visitor-request-limit-burst", Aliases: []string{"visitor_request_limit_burst"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_VISITOR_REQUEST_LIMIT_BURST"}, Value: server.DefaultVisitorRequestLimitBurst, Usage: "initial limit of requests per visitor"}),
@@ -87,8 +88,11 @@ var flagsServe = append(
 	altsrc.NewIntFlag(&cli.IntFlag{Name: "visitor-message-daily-limit", Aliases: []string{"visitor_message_daily_limit"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_VISITOR_MESSAGE_DAILY_LIMIT"}, Value: server.DefaultVisitorMessageDailyLimit, Usage: "max messages per visitor per day, derived from request limit if unset"}),
 	altsrc.NewIntFlag(&cli.IntFlag{Name: "visitor-email-limit-burst", Aliases: []string{"visitor_email_limit_burst"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_VISITOR_EMAIL_LIMIT_BURST"}, Value: server.DefaultVisitorEmailLimitBurst, Usage: "initial limit of e-mails per visitor"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "visitor-email-limit-replenish", Aliases: []string{"visitor_email_limit_replenish"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_VISITOR_EMAIL_LIMIT_REPLENISH"}, Value: util.FormatDuration(server.DefaultVisitorEmailLimitReplenish), Usage: "interval at which burst limit is replenished (one per x)"}),
-	altsrc.NewBoolFlag(&cli.BoolFlag{Name: "visitor-subscriber-rate-limiting", Aliases: []string{"visitor_subscriber_rate_limiting"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_VISITOR_SUBSCRIBER_RATE_LIMITING"}, Value: false, Usage: "enables subscriber-based rate limiting"}),
-	altsrc.NewBoolFlag(&cli.BoolFlag{Name: "behind-proxy", Aliases: []string{"behind_proxy", "P"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_BEHIND_PROXY"}, Value: false, Usage: "if set, use X-Forwarded-For header to determine visitor IP address (for rate limiting)"}),
+	altsrc.NewIntFlag(&cli.IntFlag{Name: "visitor-prefix-bits-ipv4", Aliases: []string{"visitor_prefix_bits_ipv4"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_VISITOR_PREFIX_BITS_IPV4"}, Value: server.DefaultVisitorPrefixBitsIPv4, Usage: "number of bits of the IPv4 address to use for rate limiting (default: 32, full address)"}),
+	altsrc.NewIntFlag(&cli.IntFlag{Name: "visitor-prefix-bits-ipv6", Aliases: []string{"visitor_prefix_bits_ipv6"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_VISITOR_PREFIX_BITS_IPV6"}, Value: server.DefaultVisitorPrefixBitsIPv6, Usage: "number of bits of the IPv6 address to use for rate limiting (default: 64, /64 subnet)"}),
+	altsrc.NewBoolFlag(&cli.BoolFlag{Name: "behind-proxy", Aliases: []string{"behind_proxy", "P"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_BEHIND_PROXY"}, Value: false, Usage: "if set, use forwarded header (e.g. X-Forwarded-For, X-Client-IP) to determine visitor IP address (for rate limiting)"}),
+	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "proxy-forwarded-header", Aliases: []string{"proxy_forwarded_header"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_PROXY_FORWARDED_HEADER"}, Value: "X-Forwarded-For", Usage: "use specified header to determine visitor IP address (for rate limiting)"}),
+	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "proxy-trusted-hosts", Aliases: []string{"proxy_trusted_hosts"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_PROXY_TRUSTED_HOSTS"}, Value: "", Usage: "comma-separated list of trusted IP addresses, hosts, or CIDRs to remove from forwarded header"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "stripe-secret-key", Aliases: []string{"stripe_secret_key"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_STRIPE_SECRET_KEY"}, Value: "", Usage: "key used for the Stripe API communication, this enables payments"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "stripe-webhook-key", Aliases: []string{"stripe_webhook_key"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_STRIPE_WEBHOOK_KEY"}, Value: "", Usage: "key required to validate the authenticity of incoming webhooks from Stripe"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "billing-contact", Aliases: []string{"billing_contact"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_BILLING_CONTACT"}, Value: "", Usage: "e-mail or website to display in upgrade dialog (only if payments are enabled)"}),
@@ -100,6 +104,8 @@ var flagsServe = append(
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "web-push-file", Aliases: []string{"web_push_file"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_WEB_PUSH_FILE"}, Usage: "file used to store web push subscriptions"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "web-push-email-address", Aliases: []string{"web_push_email_address"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_WEB_PUSH_EMAIL_ADDRESS"}, Usage: "e-mail address of sender, required to use browser push services"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "web-push-startup-queries", Aliases: []string{"web_push_startup_queries"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_WEB_PUSH_STARTUP_QUERIES"}, Usage: "queries run when the web push database is initialized"}),
+	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "web-push-expiry-duration", Aliases: []string{"web_push_expiry_duration"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_WEB_PUSH_EXPIRY_DURATION"}, Value: util.FormatDuration(server.DefaultWebPushExpiryDuration), Usage: "automatically expire unused subscriptions after this time"}),
+	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "web-push-expiry-warning-duration", Aliases: []string{"web_push_expiry_warning_duration"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_WEB_PUSH_EXPIRY_WARNING_DURATION"}, Value: util.FormatDuration(server.DefaultWebPushExpiryWarningDuration), Usage: "send web push warning notification after this time before expiring unused subscriptions"}),
 )
 
 var cmdServe = &cli.Command{
@@ -140,6 +146,8 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 	webPushFile := c.String("web-push-file")
 	webPushEmailAddress := c.String("web-push-email-address")
 	webPushStartupQueries := c.String("web-push-startup-queries")
+	webPushExpiryDurationStr := c.String("web-push-expiry-duration")
+	webPushExpiryWarningDurationStr := c.String("web-push-expiry-warning-duration")
 	cacheFile := c.String("cache-file")
 	cacheDurationStr := c.String("cache-duration")
 	cacheStartupQueries := c.String("cache-startup-queries")
@@ -148,10 +156,13 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 	authFile := c.String("auth-file")
 	authStartupQueries := c.String("auth-startup-queries")
 	authDefaultAccess := c.String("auth-default-access")
+	authProvisionUsersRaw := c.StringSlice("auth-provision-users")
+	authProvisionAccessRaw := c.StringSlice("auth-provision-access")
 	attachmentCacheDir := c.String("attachment-cache-dir")
 	attachmentTotalSizeLimitStr := c.String("attachment-total-size-limit")
 	attachmentFileSizeLimitStr := c.String("attachment-file-size-limit")
 	attachmentExpiryDurationStr := c.String("attachment-expiry-duration")
+	templateDir := c.String("template-dir")
 	keepaliveIntervalStr := c.String("keepalive-interval")
 	managerIntervalStr := c.String("manager-interval")
 	disallowedTopics := c.StringSlice("disallowed-topics")
@@ -185,7 +196,11 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 	visitorMessageDailyLimit := c.Int("visitor-message-daily-limit")
 	visitorEmailLimitBurst := c.Int("visitor-email-limit-burst")
 	visitorEmailLimitReplenishStr := c.String("visitor-email-limit-replenish")
+	visitorPrefixBitsIPv4 := c.Int("visitor-prefix-bits-ipv4")
+	visitorPrefixBitsIPv6 := c.Int("visitor-prefix-bits-ipv6")
 	behindProxy := c.Bool("behind-proxy")
+	proxyForwardedHeader := c.String("proxy-forwarded-header")
+	proxyTrustedHosts := util.SplitNoEmpty(c.String("proxy-trusted-hosts"), ",")
 	stripeSecretKey := c.String("stripe-secret-key")
 	stripeWebhookKey := c.String("stripe-webhook-key")
 	billingContact := c.String("billing-contact")
@@ -226,6 +241,14 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid visitor email limit replenish: %s", visitorEmailLimitReplenishStr)
 	}
+	webPushExpiryDuration, err := util.ParseDuration(webPushExpiryDurationStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid web push expiry duration: %s", webPushExpiryDurationStr)
+	}
+	webPushExpiryWarningDuration, err := util.ParseDuration(webPushExpiryWarningDurationStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid web push expiry warning duration: %s", webPushExpiryWarningDurationStr)
+	}
 
 	// Convert sizes to bytes
 	messageSizeLimit, err := util.ParseSize(messageSizeLimitStr)
@@ -304,6 +327,14 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 		if messageSizeLimit > 5*1024*1024 {
 			return errors.New("message-size-limit cannot be higher than 5M")
 		}
+	} else if webPushExpiryWarningDuration > 0 && webPushExpiryWarningDuration > webPushExpiryDuration {
+		return errors.New("web push expiry warning duration cannot be higher than web push expiry duration")
+	} else if behindProxy && proxyForwardedHeader == "" {
+		return errors.New("if behind-proxy is set, proxy-forwarded-header must also be set")
+	} else if visitorPrefixBitsIPv4 < 1 || visitorPrefixBitsIPv4 > 32 {
+		return errors.New("visitor-prefix-bits-ipv4 must be between 1 and 32")
+	} else if visitorPrefixBitsIPv6 < 1 || visitorPrefixBitsIPv6 > 128 {
+		return errors.New("visitor-prefix-bits-ipv6 must be between 1 and 128")
 	}
 
 	// Backwards compatibility
@@ -317,11 +348,19 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 		webRoot = "/" + webRoot
 	}
 
-	// Default auth permissions
+	// Convert default auth permission, read provisioned users
 	authDefault, err := user.ParsePermission(authDefaultAccess)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.New("if set, auth-default-access must start set to 'read-write', 'read-only', 'write-only' or 'deny-all'")
 	}
+	authProvisionUsers, err := parseProvisionUsers(authProvisionUsersRaw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	authProvisionAccess, err := parseProvisionAccess(authProvisionUsers, authProvisionAccessRaw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 
 	// Special case: Unset default
 	if listenHTTP == "-" {
@@ -329,14 +368,24 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 	}
 
 	// Resolve hosts
-	visitorRequestLimitExemptIPs := make([]netip.Prefix, 0)
+	visitorRequestLimitExemptPrefixes := make([]netip.Prefix, 0)
 	for _, host := range visitorRequestLimitExemptHosts {
-		ips, err := parseIPHostPrefix(host)
+		prefixes, err := parseIPHostPrefix(host)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Warn("cannot resolve host %s: %s, ignoring visitor request exemption", host, err.Error())
 			continue
 		}
-		visitorRequestLimitExemptIPs = append(visitorRequestLimitExemptIPs, ips...)
+		visitorRequestLimitExemptPrefixes = append(visitorRequestLimitExemptPrefixes, prefixes...)
+	}
+
+	// Parse trusted prefixes
+	trustedProxyPrefixes := make([]netip.Prefix, 0)
+	for _, host := range proxyTrustedHosts {
+		prefixes, err := parseIPHostPrefix(host)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot resolve trusted proxy host %s: %s", host, err.Error())
+		}
+		trustedProxyPrefixes = append(trustedProxyPrefixes, prefixes...)
 	}
 
 	// Stripe things
@@ -367,10 +416,13 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 	conf.AuthFile = authFile
 	conf.AuthStartupQueries = authStartupQueries
 	conf.AuthDefault = authDefault
+	conf.AuthProvisionedUsers = authProvisionUsers
+	conf.AuthProvisionedAccess = authProvisionAccess
 	conf.AttachmentCacheDir = attachmentCacheDir
 	conf.AttachmentTotalSizeLimit = attachmentTotalSizeLimit
 	conf.AttachmentFileSizeLimit = attachmentFileSizeLimit
 	conf.AttachmentExpiryDuration = attachmentExpiryDuration
+	conf.TemplateDir = templateDir
 	conf.KeepaliveInterval = keepaliveInterval
 	conf.ManagerInterval = managerInterval
 	conf.DisallowedTopics = disallowedTopics
@@ -392,16 +444,20 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 	conf.MessageDelayMax = messageDelayLimit
 	conf.TotalTopicLimit = totalTopicLimit
 	conf.VisitorSubscriptionLimit = visitorSubscriptionLimit
+	conf.VisitorSubscriberRateLimiting = visitorSubscriberRateLimiting
 	conf.VisitorAttachmentTotalSizeLimit = visitorAttachmentTotalSizeLimit
 	conf.VisitorAttachmentDailyBandwidthLimit = visitorAttachmentDailyBandwidthLimit
 	conf.VisitorRequestLimitBurst = visitorRequestLimitBurst
 	conf.VisitorRequestLimitReplenish = visitorRequestLimitReplenish
-	conf.VisitorRequestExemptIPAddrs = visitorRequestLimitExemptIPs
+	conf.VisitorRequestExemptPrefixes = visitorRequestLimitExemptPrefixes
 	conf.VisitorMessageDailyLimit = visitorMessageDailyLimit
 	conf.VisitorEmailLimitBurst = visitorEmailLimitBurst
 	conf.VisitorEmailLimitReplenish = visitorEmailLimitReplenish
-	conf.VisitorSubscriberRateLimiting = visitorSubscriberRateLimiting
+	conf.VisitorPrefixBitsIPv4 = visitorPrefixBitsIPv4
+	conf.VisitorPrefixBitsIPv6 = visitorPrefixBitsIPv6
 	conf.BehindProxy = behindProxy
+	conf.ProxyForwardedHeader = proxyForwardedHeader
+	conf.ProxyTrustedPrefixes = trustedProxyPrefixes
 	conf.StripeSecretKey = stripeSecretKey
 	conf.StripeWebhookKey = stripeWebhookKey
 	conf.BillingContact = billingContact
@@ -411,12 +467,14 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 	conf.EnableMetrics = enableMetrics
 	conf.MetricsListenHTTP = metricsListenHTTP
 	conf.ProfileListenHTTP = profileListenHTTP
-	conf.Version = c.App.Version
 	conf.WebPushPrivateKey = webPushPrivateKey
 	conf.WebPushPublicKey = webPushPublicKey
 	conf.WebPushFile = webPushFile
 	conf.WebPushEmailAddress = webPushEmailAddress
 	conf.WebPushStartupQueries = webPushStartupQueries
+	conf.WebPushExpiryDuration = webPushExpiryDuration
+	conf.WebPushExpiryWarningDuration = webPushExpiryWarningDuration
+	conf.Version = c.App.Version
 
 	// Set up hot-reloading of config
 	go sigHandlerConfigReload(config)
@@ -424,9 +482,9 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 	// Run server
 	s, err := server.New(conf)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err.Error())
+		log.Fatal("%s", err.Error())
 	} else if err := s.Run(); err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err.Error())
+		log.Fatal("%s", err.Error())
 	}
 	log.Info("Exiting.")
 	return nil
@@ -449,7 +507,7 @@ func sigHandlerConfigReload(config string) {
 }
 
 func parseIPHostPrefix(host string) (prefixes []netip.Prefix, err error) {
-	// Try parsing as prefix, e.g. 10.0.1.0/24
+	// Try parsing as prefix, e.g. 10.0.1.0/24 or 2001:db8::/32
 	prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(host)
 	if err == nil {
 		prefixes = append(prefixes, prefix.Masked())
@@ -473,6 +531,76 @@ func parseIPHostPrefix(host string) (prefixes []netip.Prefix, err error) {
 	return
 }
 
+func parseProvisionUsers(usersRaw []string) ([]*user.User, error) {
+	provisionUsers := make([]*user.User, 0)
+	for _, userLine := range usersRaw {
+		parts := strings.Split(userLine, ":")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-provision-users: %s, expected format: 'name:hash:role'", userLine)
+		}
+		username := strings.TrimSpace(parts[0])
+		passwordHash := strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
+		role := user.Role(strings.TrimSpace(parts[2]))
+		if !user.AllowedUsername(username) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-provision-users: %s, username invalid", userLine)
+		} else if err := user.AllowedPasswordHash(passwordHash); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-provision-users: %s, %s", userLine, err.Error())
+		} else if !user.AllowedRole(role) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-provision-users: %s, role %s is not allowed, allowed roles are 'admin' or 'user'", userLine, role)
+		}
+		provisionUsers = append(provisionUsers, &user.User{
+			Name:        username,
+			Hash:        passwordHash,
+			Role:        role,
+			Provisioned: true,
+		})
+	}
+	return provisionUsers, nil
+}
+
+func parseProvisionAccess(provisionUsers []*user.User, provisionAccessRaw []string) (map[string][]*user.Grant, error) {
+	access := make(map[string][]*user.Grant)
+	for _, accessLine := range provisionAccessRaw {
+		parts := strings.Split(accessLine, ":")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-provision-access: %s, expected format: 'user:topic:permission'", accessLine)
+		}
+		username := strings.TrimSpace(parts[0])
+		if username == userEveryone {
+			username = user.Everyone
+		}
+		provisionUser, exists := util.Find(provisionUsers, func(u *user.User) bool {
+			return u.Name == username
+		})
+		if username != user.Everyone {
+			if !exists {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-provision-access: %s, user %s is not provisioned", accessLine, username)
+			} else if !user.AllowedUsername(username) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-provision-access: %s, username %s invalid", accessLine, username)
+			} else if provisionUser.Role != user.RoleUser {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-provision-access: %s, user %s is not a regular user, only regular users can have ACL entries", accessLine, username)
+			}
+		}
+		topic := strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
+		if !user.AllowedTopicPattern(topic) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-provision-access: %s, topic pattern %s invalid", accessLine, topic)
+		}
+		permission, err := user.ParsePermission(strings.TrimSpace(parts[2]))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth-provision-access: %s, permission %s invalid, %s", accessLine, parts[2], err.Error())
+		}
+		if _, exists := access[username]; !exists {
+			access[username] = make([]*user.Grant, 0)
+		}
+		access[username] = append(access[username], &user.Grant{
+			TopicPattern: topic,
+			Permission:   permission,
+			Provisioned:  true,
+		})
+	}
+	return access, nil
+}
+
 func reloadLogLevel(inputSource altsrc.InputSourceContext) error {
 	newLevelStr, err := inputSource.String("log-level")
 	if err != nil {

cmd/user.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/subtle"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/server"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ func init() {
 
 var flagsUser = append(
 	append([]cli.Flag{}, flagsDefault...),
-	&cli.StringFlag{Name: "config", Aliases: []string{"c"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_CONFIG_FILE"}, Value: defaultServerConfigFile, DefaultText: defaultServerConfigFile, Usage: "config file"},
+	&cli.StringFlag{Name: "config", Aliases: []string{"c"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_CONFIG_FILE"}, Value: server.DefaultConfigFile, DefaultText: server.DefaultConfigFile, Usage: "config file"},
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "auth-file", Aliases: []string{"auth_file", "H"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_FILE"}, Usage: "auth database file used for access control"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "auth-default-access", Aliases: []string{"auth_default_access", "p"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_DEFAULT_ACCESS"}, Value: "read-write", Usage: "default permissions if no matching entries in the auth database are found"}),
 )
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ var cmdUser = &cli.Command{
 			Name:      "add",
 			Aliases:   []string{"a"},
 			Usage:     "Adds a new user",
-			UsageText: "ntfy user add [--role=admin|user] USERNAME\nNTFY_PASSWORD=... ntfy user add [--role=admin|user] USERNAME",
+			UsageText: "ntfy user add [--role=admin|user] USERNAME\nNTFY_PASSWORD=... ntfy user add [--role=admin|user] USERNAME\nNTFY_PASSWORD_HASH=... ntfy user add [--role=admin|user] USERNAME",
 			Action:    execUserAdd,
 			Flags: []cli.Flag{
 				&cli.StringFlag{Name: "role", Aliases: []string{"r"}, Value: string(user.RoleUser), Usage: "user role"},
@@ -55,12 +56,13 @@ granted otherwise by the auth-default-access setting). An admin user has read an
 topics.
 
 Examples:
-  ntfy user add phil                     # Add regular user phil  
-  ntfy user add --role=admin phil        # Add admin user phil
-  NTFY_PASSWORD=... ntfy user add phil   # Add user, using env variable to set password (for scripts)
+  ntfy user add phil                          # Add regular user phil
+  ntfy user add --role=admin phil             # Add admin user phil
+  NTFY_PASSWORD=... ntfy user add phil        # Add user, using env variable to set password (for scripts)
+  NTFY_PASSWORD_HASH=... ntfy user add phil   # Add user, using env variable to set password hash (for scripts)
 
-You may set the NTFY_PASSWORD environment variable to pass the password. This is useful if 
-you are creating users via scripts.
+You may set the NTFY_PASSWORD environment variable to pass the password, or NTFY_PASSWORD_HASH to pass
+directly the bcrypt hash. This is useful if you are creating users via scripts.
 `,
 		},
 		{
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ Example:
 			Name:      "change-pass",
 			Aliases:   []string{"chp"},
 			Usage:     "Changes a user's password",
-			UsageText: "ntfy user change-pass USERNAME\nNTFY_PASSWORD=... ntfy user change-pass USERNAME",
+			UsageText: "ntfy user change-pass USERNAME\nNTFY_PASSWORD=... ntfy user change-pass USERNAME\nNTFY_PASSWORD_HASH=... ntfy user change-pass USERNAME",
 			Action:    execUserChangePass,
 			Description: `Change the password for the given user.
 
@@ -89,10 +91,10 @@ it twice.
 Example:
   ntfy user change-pass phil
   NTFY_PASSWORD=.. ntfy user change-pass phil
+  NTFY_PASSWORD_HASH=.. ntfy user change-pass phil
 
-You may set the NTFY_PASSWORD environment variable to pass the new password. This is 
-useful if you are updating users via scripts.
-
+You may set the NTFY_PASSWORD environment variable to pass the new password or NTFY_PASSWORD_HASH to pass
+directly the bcrypt hash. This is useful if you are updating users via scripts.
 `,
 		},
 		{
@@ -131,6 +133,22 @@ as messages per day, attachment file sizes, etc.
 Example:
   ntfy user change-tier phil pro   # Change tier to "pro" for user "phil"  
   ntfy user change-tier phil -     # Remove tier from user "phil" entirely 
+`,
+		},
+		{
+			Name:      "hash",
+			Usage:     "Create password hash for a predefined user",
+			UsageText: "ntfy user hash",
+			Action:    execUserHash,
+			Description: `Asks for a password and creates a bcrypt password hash.
+
+This command is useful to create a password hash for a user, which can then be used
+for predefined users in the server config file, in auth-provision-users.
+
+Example:
+  $ ntfy user hash
+  (asks for password and confirmation)
+  $2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C
 `,
 		},
 		{
@@ -174,7 +192,12 @@ variable to pass the new password. This is useful if you are creating/updating u
 func execUserAdd(c *cli.Context) error {
 	username := c.Args().Get(0)
 	role := user.Role(c.String("role"))
-	password := os.Getenv("NTFY_PASSWORD")
+	password, hashed := os.LookupEnv("NTFY_PASSWORD_HASH")
+
+	if !hashed {
+		password = os.Getenv("NTFY_PASSWORD")
+	}
+
 	if username == "" {
 		return errors.New("username expected, type 'ntfy user add --help' for help")
 	} else if username == userEveryone || username == user.Everyone {
@@ -200,7 +223,7 @@ func execUserAdd(c *cli.Context) error {
 		}
 		password = p
 	}
-	if err := manager.AddUser(username, password, role); err != nil {
+	if err := manager.AddUser(username, password, role, hashed); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "user %s added with role %s\n", username, role)
@@ -218,7 +241,7 @@ func execUserDel(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if _, err := manager.User(username); err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if _, err := manager.User(username); errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
 	}
 	if err := manager.RemoveUser(username); err != nil {
@@ -230,7 +253,11 @@ func execUserDel(c *cli.Context) error {
 
 func execUserChangePass(c *cli.Context) error {
 	username := c.Args().Get(0)
-	password := os.Getenv("NTFY_PASSWORD")
+	password, hashed := os.LookupEnv("NTFY_PASSWORD_HASH")
+
+	if !hashed {
+		password = os.Getenv("NTFY_PASSWORD")
+	}
 	if username == "" {
 		return errors.New("username expected, type 'ntfy user change-pass --help' for help")
 	} else if username == userEveryone || username == user.Everyone {
@@ -240,7 +267,7 @@ func execUserChangePass(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if _, err := manager.User(username); err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if _, err := manager.User(username); errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
 	}
 	if password == "" {
@@ -249,7 +276,7 @@ func execUserChangePass(c *cli.Context) error {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	if err := manager.ChangePassword(username, password); err != nil {
+	if err := manager.ChangePassword(username, password, hashed); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "changed password for user %s\n", username)
@@ -268,7 +295,7 @@ func execUserChangeRole(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if _, err := manager.User(username); err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if _, err := manager.User(username); errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
 	}
 	if err := manager.ChangeRole(username, role); err != nil {
@@ -278,6 +305,23 @@ func execUserChangeRole(c *cli.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func execUserHash(c *cli.Context) error {
+	manager, err := createUserManager(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	password, err := readPasswordAndConfirm(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	hash, err := manager.HashPassword(password)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to hash password: %w", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, "%s\n", string(hash))
+	return nil
+}
+
 func execUserChangeTier(c *cli.Context) error {
 	username := c.Args().Get(0)
 	tier := c.Args().Get(1)
@@ -292,7 +336,7 @@ func execUserChangeTier(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if _, err := manager.User(username); err == user.ErrUserNotFound {
+	if _, err := manager.User(username); errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %s does not exist", username)
 	}
 	if tier == tierReset {
@@ -334,7 +378,15 @@ func createUserManager(c *cli.Context) (*user.Manager, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("if set, auth-default-access must start set to 'read-write', 'read-only', 'write-only' or 'deny-all'")
 	}
-	return user.NewManager(authFile, authStartupQueries, authDefault, user.DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost, user.DefaultUserStatsQueueWriterInterval)
+	authConfig := &user.Config{
+		Filename:            authFile,
+		StartupQueries:      authStartupQueries,
+		DefaultAccess:       authDefault,
+		ProvisionEnabled:    false, // Do not re-provision users on manager initialization
+		BcryptCost:          user.DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost,
+		QueueWriterInterval: user.DefaultUserStatsQueueWriterInterval,
+	}
+	return user.NewManager(authConfig)
 }
 
 func readPasswordAndConfirm(c *cli.Context) (string, error) {

cmd/webpush.go

@@ -4,9 +4,16 @@ package cmd
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 
 	"github.com/SherClockHolmes/webpush-go"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2/altsrc"
+)
+
+var flagsWebPush = append(
+	[]cli.Flag{},
+	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "output-file", Aliases: []string{"f"}, Usage: "write VAPID keys to this file"}),
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -26,6 +33,7 @@ var cmdWebPush = &cli.Command{
 			Usage:     "Generate VAPID keys to enable browser background push notifications",
 			UsageText: "ntfy webpush keys",
 			Category:  categoryServer,
+			Flags:     flagsWebPush,
 		},
 	},
 }
@@ -35,7 +43,19 @@ func generateWebPushKeys(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, `Web Push keys generated. Add the following lines to your config file:
+
+	if outputFile := c.String("output-file"); outputFile != "" {
+		contents := fmt.Sprintf(`---
+web-push-public-key: %s
+web-push-private-key: %s
+`, publicKey, privateKey)
+		err = os.WriteFile(outputFile, []byte(contents), 0660)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		_, err = fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "Web Push keys written to %s.\n", outputFile)
+	} else {
+		_, err = fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, `Web Push keys generated. Add the following lines to your config file:
 
 web-push-public-key: %s
 web-push-private-key: %s
@@ -44,5 +64,6 @@ web-push-email-address: <email address>
 
 See https://ntfy.sh/docs/config/#web-push for details.
 `, publicKey, privateKey)
+	}
 	return err
 }

cmd/webpush_test.go

@@ -14,6 +14,13 @@ func TestCLI_WebPush_GenerateKeys(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "Web Push keys generated.")
 }
 
+func TestCLI_WebPush_WriteKeysToFile(t *testing.T) {
+	app, _, _, stderr := newTestApp()
+	require.Nil(t, runWebPushCommand(app, server.NewConfig(), "keys", "--output-file=key-file.yaml"))
+	require.Contains(t, stderr.String(), "Web Push keys written to key-file.yaml")
+	require.FileExists(t, "key-file.yaml")
+}
+
 func runWebPushCommand(app *cli.App, conf *server.Config, args ...string) error {
 	webPushArgs := []string{
 		"ntfy",

docker-compose.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-version: "2.1"
 services:
   ntfy:
     image: binwiederhier/ntfy
@@ -14,4 +13,3 @@ services:
     ports:
       - 80:80
     restart: unless-stopped
-

docs/config.md

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ get a list of [command line options](#command-line-options).
 
 ## Example config
 !!! info
-    Definitely check out the **[server.yml](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/blob/main/server/server.yml)** file.
-    It contains examples and detailed descriptions of all the settings.
+    Definitely check out the **[server.yml](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/blob/main/server/server.yml)** file. It contains examples and detailed descriptions of all the settings.
+    You may also want to look at how ntfy.sh is configured in the [ntfy-ansible](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-ansible) repository.
 
 The most basic settings are `base-url` (the external URL of the ntfy server), the HTTP/HTTPS listen address (`listen-http`
 and `listen-https`), and socket path (`listen-unix`). All the other things are additional features.
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ Here are a few working sample configs using a `/etc/ntfy/server.yml` file:
     listen-http: ":2586"
     cache-file: "/var/cache/ntfy/cache.db"
     attachment-cache-dir: "/var/cache/ntfy/attachments"
+    behind-proxy: true
     ```
 
 === "server.yml (ntfy.sh config)"
@@ -78,7 +79,6 @@ using Docker Compose (i.e. `docker-compose.yml`):
 
 === "Docker Compose (w/ auth, cache, attachments)"
     ``` yaml
-	version: '3'
 	services:
 	  ntfy:
 	    image: binwiederhier/ntfy
@@ -100,7 +100,6 @@ using Docker Compose (i.e. `docker-compose.yml`):
 
 === "Docker Compose (w/ auth, cache, web push, iOS)"
     ``` yaml
-	version: '3'
 	services:
 	  ntfy:
 	    image: binwiederhier/ntfy
@@ -294,7 +293,7 @@ want to use a dedicated token to publish from your backup host, and one from you
     but not yet implemented.
 
 The `ntfy token` command can be used to manage access tokens for users. Tokens can have labels, and they can expire
-automatically (or never expire). Each user can have up to 20 tokens (hardcoded). 
+automatically (or never expire). Each user can have up to 60 tokens (hardcoded). 
 
 **Example commands** (type `ntfy token --help` or `ntfy token COMMAND --help` for more details):
 ```
@@ -552,17 +551,91 @@ It may be desirable to run ntfy behind a proxy (e.g. nginx, HAproxy or Apache),
 using Let's Encrypt using certbot, or simply because you'd like to share the ports (80/443) with other services. 
 Whatever your reasons may be, there are a few things to consider. 
 
+### IP-based rate limiting
 If you are running ntfy behind a proxy, you should set the `behind-proxy` flag. This will instruct the 
-[rate limiting](#rate-limiting) logic to use the `X-Forwarded-For` header as the primary identifier for a visitor, 
-as opposed to the remote IP address. If the `behind-proxy` flag is not set, all visitors will
-be counted as one, because from the perspective of the ntfy server, they all share the proxy's IP address.
+[rate limiting](#rate-limiting) logic to use the header configured in `proxy-forwarded-header` (default is `X-Forwarded-For`)
+as the primary identifier for a visitor, as opposed to the remote IP address. 
 
-=== "/etc/ntfy/server.yml"
+If the `behind-proxy` flag is not set, all visitors will be counted as one, because from the perspective of the
+ntfy server, they all share the proxy's IP address.
+
+Relevant flags to consider:
+
+* `behind-proxy` makes it so that the real visitor IP address is extracted from the header defined in `proxy-forwarded-header`.
+  Without this, the remote address of the incoming connection is used (default: `false`).
+* `proxy-forwarded-header` is the header to use to identify visitors (default: `X-Forwarded-For`). It may be a single IP address (e.g. `1.2.3.4`),
+  a comma-separated list of IP addresses (e.g. `1.2.3.4, 5.6.7.8`), or an [RFC 7239](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7239)-style
+ header (e.g. `for=1.2.3.4;by=proxy.example.com, for=5.6.7.8`).
+* `proxy-trusted-hosts` is a comma-separated list of IP addresses, hosts or CIDRs that are removed from the forwarded header 
+  to determine the real IP address. This is only useful if there are multiple proxies involved that add themselves to
+  the forwarded header (default: empty).
+* `visitor-prefix-bits-ipv4` is the number of bits of the IPv4 address to use for rate limiting (default is `32`, which is the entire
+  IP address). In IPv4 environments, by default, a visitor's **full IPv4 address** is used as-is for rate limiting. This means that
+  if someone publishes messages from multiple IP addresses, they will be counted as separate visitors. You can adjust this by setting the `visitor-prefix-bits-ipv4` config option. To group visitors in a /24 subnet and count them as one, for instance,
+  set it to `24`. In that case, `1.2.3.4` and `1.2.3.99` are treated as the same visitor.
+* `visitor-prefix-bits-ipv6` is the number of bits of the IPv6 address to use for rate limiting (default is `64`, which is a /64 subnet). 
+  In IPv6 environments, by default, a visitor's IP address is **truncated to the /64 subnet**, meaning that `2001:db8:25:86:1::1` and 
+  `2001:db8:25:86:2::1` are treated as the same visitor. Use the `visitor-prefix-bits-ipv6` config option to adjust this behavior.
+  See [IPv6 considerations](#ipv6-considerations) for more details.
+
+=== "/etc/ntfy/server.yml (behind a proxy)"
     ``` yaml
-    # Tell ntfy to use "X-Forwarded-For" to identify visitors
+    # Tell ntfy to use "X-Forwarded-For" header to identify visitors for rate limiting
+    #
+    # Example: If "X-Forwarded-For: 9.9.9.9, 1.2.3.4" is set, 
+    #          the visitor IP will be 1.2.3.4 (right-most address).
+    #
     behind-proxy: true
     ```
 
+=== "/etc/ntfy/server.yml (X-Client-IP header)"
+    ``` yaml
+    # Tell ntfy to use "X-Client-IP" header to identify visitors for rate limiting
+    #
+    # Example: If "X-Client-IP: 9.9.9.9" is set, 
+    #          the visitor IP will be 9.9.9.9.
+    #
+    behind-proxy: true
+    proxy-forwarded-header: "X-Client-IP"
+    ```
+
+=== "/etc/ntfy/server.yml (Forwarded header)"
+    ``` yaml
+    # Tell ntfy to use "Forwarded" header (RFC 7239) to identify visitors for rate limiting
+    #
+    # Example: If "Forwarded: for=1.2.3.4;by=proxy.example.com, for=9.9.9.9" is set, 
+    #          the visitor IP will be 9.9.9.9.
+    #
+    behind-proxy: true
+    proxy-forwarded-header: "Forwarded"
+    ```
+
+=== "/etc/ntfy/server.yml (multiple proxies)"
+    ``` yaml
+    # Tell ntfy to use "X-Forwarded-For" header to identify visitors for rate limiting,
+    # and to strip the IP addresses of the proxies 1.2.3.4 and 1.2.3.5
+    #
+    # Example: If "X-Forwarded-For: 9.9.9.9, 1.2.3.4" is set, 
+    #          the visitor IP will be 9.9.9.9 (right-most unknown address).
+    #
+    behind-proxy: true
+    proxy-trusted-hosts: "1.2.3.0/24, 1.2.2.2, 2001:db8::/64"
+    ```
+
+=== "/etc/ntfy/server.yml (adjusted IPv4/IPv6 prefixes proxies)"
+    ``` yaml
+    # Tell ntfy to treat visitors as being in a /24 subnet (IPv4) or /48 subnet (IPv6)
+    # as one visitor, so that they are counted as one for rate limiting.
+    #
+    # Example 1: If 1.2.3.4 and 1.2.3.5 publish a message, the visitor 1.2.3.0 will have
+    #            used 2 messages.
+    # Example 2: If 2001:db8:2500:1::1 and 2001:db8:2500:2::1 publish a message, the visitor
+    #            2001:db8:2500:: will have used 2 messages.
+    #
+    visitor-prefix-bits-ipv4: 24
+    visitor-prefix-bits-ipv6: 48
+    ```
+
 ### TLS/SSL
 ntfy supports HTTPS/TLS by setting the `listen-https` [config option](#config-options). However, if you 
 are behind a proxy, it is recommended that TLS/SSL termination is done by the proxy itself (see below).
@@ -631,7 +704,7 @@ or the root domain:
       listen 443 ssl http2;
       server_name ntfy.sh;
     
-      # See https://ssl-config.mozilla.org/#server=nginx&version=1.18.0&config=intermediate&openssl=1.1.1k&hsts=false&ocsp=false&guideline=5.6see https://ssl-config.mozilla.org/#server=nginx&version=1.18.0&config=intermediate&openssl=1.1.1k&hsts=false&ocsp=false&guideline=5.6
+      # See https://ssl-config.mozilla.org/#server=nginx&version=1.18.0&config=intermediate&openssl=1.1.1k&hsts=false&ocsp=false&guideline=5.6
       ssl_session_timeout 1d;
       ssl_session_cache shared:MozSSL:10m; # about 40000 sessions
       ssl_session_tickets off;
@@ -698,7 +771,7 @@ or the root domain:
       listen 443 ssl http2;
       server_name ntfy.sh;
     
-      # See https://ssl-config.mozilla.org/#server=nginx&version=1.18.0&config=intermediate&openssl=1.1.1k&hsts=false&ocsp=false&guideline=5.6see https://ssl-config.mozilla.org/#server=nginx&version=1.18.0&config=intermediate&openssl=1.1.1k&hsts=false&ocsp=false&guideline=5.6
+      # See https://ssl-config.mozilla.org/#server=nginx&version=1.18.0&config=intermediate&openssl=1.1.1k&hsts=false&ocsp=false&guideline=5.6
       ssl_session_timeout 1d;
       ssl_session_cache shared:MozSSL:10m; # about 40000 sessions
       ssl_session_tickets off;
@@ -777,6 +850,7 @@ or the root domain:
     ```
     # Note that this config is most certainly incomplete. Please help out and let me know what's missing
     # via Discord/Matrix or in a GitHub issue.
+    # Note: Caddy automatically handles both HTTP and WebSockets with reverse_proxy 
 
     ntfy.sh, http://nfty.sh {
         reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:2586
@@ -864,7 +938,7 @@ it'll show `New message` as a popup.
 ## Web Push
 [Web Push](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Push_API) ([RFC8030](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8030))
 allows ntfy to receive push notifications, even when the ntfy web app (or even the browser, depending on the platform) is closed. 
-When enabled, the user can enable **background notifications** for their topics in the wep app under Settings. Once enabled by the
+When enabled, the user can enable **background notifications** for their topics in the web app under Settings. Once enabled by the
 user, ntfy will forward published messages to the push endpoint (browser-provided, e.g. fcm.googleapis.com), which will then
 forward it to the browser.
 
@@ -875,7 +949,9 @@ a database to keep track of the browser's subscriptions, and an admin email addr
 - `web-push-private-key` is the generated VAPID private key, e.g. AA2BB1234567890abcdefzxcvbnm1234567890
 - `web-push-file` is a database file to keep track of browser subscription endpoints, e.g. `/var/cache/ntfy/webpush.db`
 - `web-push-email-address` is the admin email address send to the push provider, e.g. `sysadmin@example.com`
-- `web-push-startup-queries` is an optional list of queries to run on startup` 
+- `web-push-startup-queries` is an optional list of queries to run on startup`
+- `web-push-expiry-warning-duration` defines the duration after which unused subscriptions are sent a warning (default is `55d`)
+- `web-push-expiry-duration` defines the duration after which unused subscriptions will expire (default is `60d`)
 
 Limitations:
 
@@ -902,8 +978,8 @@ web-push-file: /var/cache/ntfy/webpush.db
 web-push-email-address: sysadmin@example.com
 ```
 
-The `web-push-file` is used to store the push subscriptions. Unused subscriptions will send out a warning after 7 days,
-and will automatically expire after 9 days (not configurable). If the gateway returns an error (e.g. 410 Gone when a user has unsubscribed),
+The `web-push-file` is used to store the push subscriptions. Unused subscriptions will send out a warning after 55 days,
+and will automatically expire after 60 days (default). If the gateway returns an error (e.g. 410 Gone when a user has unsubscribed),
 subscriptions are also removed automatically.
 
 The web app refreshes subscriptions on start and regularly on an interval, but this file should be persisted across restarts. If the subscription
@@ -1082,6 +1158,18 @@ If this ever happens, there will be a log message that looks something like this
 WARN Firebase quota exceeded (likely for topic), temporarily denying Firebase access to visitor
 ```
 
+### IPv6 considerations
+By default, rate limiting for IPv6 is done using the `/64` subnet of the visitor's IPv6 address. This means that all visitors
+in the same `/64` subnet are treated as one visitor. This is done to prevent abuse, as IPv6 subnet assignments are typically
+much larger than IPv4 subnets (and much cheaper), and it is common for ISPs to assign large subnets to their customers.
+
+Other than that, rate limiting for IPv6 is done the same way as for IPv4, using the visitor's IP address or subnet to identify them.
+
+There are two options to configure the number of bits used for rate limiting (for IPv4 and IPv6):
+
+- `visitor-prefix-bits-ipv4` is number of bits of the IPv4 address to use for rate limiting (default: 32, full address)
+- `visitor-prefix-bits-ipv6` is number of bits of the IPv6 address to use for rate limiting (default: 64, /64 subnet)
+
 ### Subscriber-based rate limiting
 By default, ntfy puts almost all rate limits on the message publisher, e.g. number of messages, requests, and attachment
 size are all based on the visitor who publishes a message. **Subscriber-based rate limiting is a way to use the rate limits
@@ -1242,6 +1330,29 @@ and [here](https://easyengine.io/tutorials/nginx/block-wp-login-php-bruteforce-a
     maxretry = 10
     ```
 
+Note that if you run nginx in a container, append `, chain=DOCKER-USER` to the jail.local action. By default, the jail action chain
+is `INPUT`, but `FORWARD` is used when using docker networks. `DOCKER-USER`, available when using docker, is part of the `FORWARD`
+chain.
+
+The official ntfy.sh server uses fail2ban to ban IPs. Check out ntfy.sh's [Ansible fail2ban role](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-ansible/tree/main/roles/fail2ban) for details. Ban actors are banned for 1 hour initially, and up to
+4 hours at a time for repeated offenses. IPv4 addresses are banned individually, while IPv6 addresses are banned by their `/56` prefix.
+
+## IPv6 support
+ntfy fully supports IPv6, though there are a few things to keep in mind.
+
+- **Listening on an IPv6 address**: By default, ntfy listens on `:80` (IPv4-only). If you want to listen on an IPv6 address, you need to
+  explicitly set the `listen-http` and/or `listen-https` options in your `server.yml` file to an IPv6 address, e.g. `[::]:80`. To listen on
+  IPv4 and IPv6, you must run ntfy behind a reverse proxy, e.g. `listen :80; listen [::]:80;` in nginx.
+- **Rate limiting:** By default, ntfy uses the `/64` subnet of the visitor's IPv6 address for rate limiting. This means that all visitors in the same `/64`
+  subnet are treated as one visitor. If you want to change this, you can set the `visitor-prefix-bits-ipv6` option in your `server.yml` file to a different
+  value (e.g. `48` for `/48` subnets). See [IPv6 considerations](#ipv6-considerations) and [IP-based rate limiting](#ip-based-rate-limiting) for more details.
+- **Banning IPs with fail2ban:** By default, if you're using the `iptables-multiport` action, fail2ban bans individual IPv4 and IPv6 addresses via `iptables` and `ip6tables`. While this behavior is fine for IPv4, it is not for IPv6, because every host can technically have up to 2^64 addresses. Please ensure that your `actionban` and `actionunban` commands
+  support IPv6 and also ban the entire prefix (e.g. `/48`). See [Banning bad actors](#banning-bad-actors-fail2ban) for details.
+
+!!! info
+    The official ntfy.sh server supports IPv6. Check out ntfy.sh's [Ansible repository](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-ansible) for examples of how to
+    configure [ntfy](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-ansible/tree/main/roles/ntfy), [nginx](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-ansible/tree/main/roles/nginx) and [fail2ban](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-ansible/tree/main/roles/fail2ban).
+
 ## Health checks
 A preliminary health check API endpoint is exposed at `/v1/health`. The endpoint returns a `json` response in the format shown below.
 If a non-200 HTTP status code is returned or if the returned `healthy` field is `false` the ntfy service should be considered as unhealthy.
@@ -1374,15 +1485,17 @@ variable before running the `ntfy` command (e.g. `export NTFY_LISTEN_HTTP=:80`).
 | `listen-unix-mode`                         | `NTFY_LISTEN_UNIX_MODE`                         | *file mode*                                         | *system default*  | File mode of the Unix socket, e.g. 0700 or 0777                                                                                                                                                                                 |
 | `key-file`                                 | `NTFY_KEY_FILE`                                 | *filename*                                          | -                 | HTTPS/TLS private key file, only used if `listen-https` is set.                                                                                                                                                                 |
 | `cert-file`                                | `NTFY_CERT_FILE`                                | *filename*                                          | -                 | HTTPS/TLS certificate file, only used if `listen-https` is set.                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| `firebase-key-file`                        | `NTFY_FIREBASE_KEY_FILE`                        | *filename*                                          | -                 | If set, also publish messages to a Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM) topic for your app. This is optional and only required to save battery when using the Android app. See [Firebase (FCM](#firebase-fcm).                        |
+| `firebase-key-file`                        | `NTFY_FIREBASE_KEY_FILE`                        | *filename*                                          | -                 | If set, also publish messages to a Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM) topic for your app. This is optional and only required to save battery when using the Android app. See [Firebase (FCM)](#firebase-fcm).                       |
 | `cache-file`                               | `NTFY_CACHE_FILE`                               | *filename*                                          | -                 | If set, messages are cached in a local SQLite database instead of only in-memory. This allows for service restarts without losing messages in support of the since= parameter. See [message cache](#message-cache).             |
 | `cache-duration`                           | `NTFY_CACHE_DURATION`                           | *duration*                                          | 12h               | Duration for which messages will be buffered before they are deleted. This is required to support the `since=...` and `poll=1` parameter. Set this to `0` to disable the cache entirely.                                        |
-| `cache-startup-queries`                    | `NTFY_CACHE_STARTUP_QUERIES`                    | *string (SQL queries)*                              | -                 | SQL queries to run during database startup; this is useful for tuning and [enabling WAL mode](#wal-for-message-cache)                                                                                                           |
+| `cache-startup-queries`                    | `NTFY_CACHE_STARTUP_QUERIES`                    | *string (SQL queries)*                              | -                 | SQL queries to run during database startup; this is useful for tuning and [enabling WAL mode](#message-cache)                                                                                                                   |
 | `cache-batch-size`                         | `NTFY_CACHE_BATCH_SIZE`                         | *int*                                               | 0                 | Max size of messages to batch together when writing to message cache (if zero, writes are synchronous)                                                                                                                          |
 | `cache-batch-timeout`                      | `NTFY_CACHE_BATCH_TIMEOUT`                      | *duration*                                          | 0s                | Timeout for batched async writes to the message cache (if zero, writes are synchronous)                                                                                                                                         |
 | `auth-file`                                | `NTFY_AUTH_FILE`                                | *filename*                                          | -                 | Auth database file used for access control. If set, enables authentication and access control. See [access control](#access-control).                                                                                           |
 | `auth-default-access`                      | `NTFY_AUTH_DEFAULT_ACCESS`                      | `read-write`, `read-only`, `write-only`, `deny-all` | `read-write`      | Default permissions if no matching entries in the auth database are found. Default is `read-write`.                                                                                                                             |
-| `behind-proxy`                             | `NTFY_BEHIND_PROXY`                             | *bool*                                              | false             | If set, the X-Forwarded-For header is used to determine the visitor IP address instead of the remote address of the connection.                                                                                                 |
+| `behind-proxy`                             | `NTFY_BEHIND_PROXY`                             | *bool*                                              | false             | If set, use forwarded header (e.g. X-Forwarded-For, X-Client-IP) to determine visitor IP address (for rate limiting)                                                                                                            |
+| `proxy-forwarded-header`                   | `NTFY_PROXY_FORWARDED_HEADER`                   | *string*                                            | `X-Forwarded-For` | Use specified header to determine visitor IP address (for rate limiting)                                                                                                                                                        |
+| `proxy-trusted-hosts`                      | `NTFY_PROXY_TRUSTED_HOSTS`                      | *comma-separated host/IP/CIDR list*                 | -                 | Comma-separated list of trusted IP addresses, hosts, or CIDRs to remove from forwarded header                                                                                                                                   |
 | `attachment-cache-dir`                     | `NTFY_ATTACHMENT_CACHE_DIR`                     | *directory*                                         | -                 | Cache directory for attached files. To enable attachments, this has to be set.                                                                                                                                                  |
 | `attachment-total-size-limit`              | `NTFY_ATTACHMENT_TOTAL_SIZE_LIMIT`              | *size*                                              | 5G                | Limit of the on-disk attachment cache directory. If the limits is exceeded, new attachments will be rejected.                                                                                                                   |
 | `attachment-file-size-limit`               | `NTFY_ATTACHMENT_FILE_SIZE_LIMIT`               | *size*                                              | 15M               | Per-file attachment size limit (e.g. 300k, 2M, 100M). Larger attachment will be rejected.                                                                                                                                       |
@@ -1412,9 +1525,11 @@ variable before running the `ntfy` command (e.g. `export NTFY_LISTEN_HTTP=:80`).
 | `visitor-message-daily-limit`              | `NTFY_VISITOR_MESSAGE_DAILY_LIMIT`              | *number*                                            | -                 | Rate limiting: Allowed number of messages per day per visitor, reset every day at midnight (UTC). By default, this value is unset.                                                                                              |
 | `visitor-request-limit-burst`              | `NTFY_VISITOR_REQUEST_LIMIT_BURST`              | *number*                                            | 60                | Rate limiting: Allowed GET/PUT/POST requests per second, per visitor. This setting is the initial bucket of requests each visitor has                                                                                           |
 | `visitor-request-limit-replenish`          | `NTFY_VISITOR_REQUEST_LIMIT_REPLENISH`          | *duration*                                          | 5s                | Rate limiting: Strongly related to `visitor-request-limit-burst`: The rate at which the bucket is refilled                                                                                                                      |
-| `visitor-request-limit-exempt-hosts`       | `NTFY_VISITOR_REQUEST_LIMIT_EXEMPT_HOSTS`       | *comma-separated host/IP list*                      | -                 | Rate limiting: List of hostnames and IPs to be exempt from request rate limiting                                                                                                                                                |
+| `visitor-request-limit-exempt-hosts`       | `NTFY_VISITOR_REQUEST_LIMIT_EXEMPT_HOSTS`       | *comma-separated host/IP/CIDR list*                 | -                 | Rate limiting: List of hostnames and IPs to be exempt from request rate limiting                                                                                                                                                |
 | `visitor-subscription-limit`               | `NTFY_VISITOR_SUBSCRIPTION_LIMIT`               | *number*                                            | 30                | Rate limiting: Number of subscriptions per visitor (IP address)                                                                                                                                                                 |
 | `visitor-subscriber-rate-limiting`         | `NTFY_VISITOR_SUBSCRIBER_RATE_LIMITING`         | *bool*                                              | `false`           | Rate limiting: Enables subscriber-based rate limiting                                                                                                                                                                           |
+| `visitor-prefix-bits-ipv4`                 | `NTFY_VISITOR_PREFIX_BITS_IPV4`                 | *number*                                            | 32                | Rate limiting: Number of bits to use for IPv4 visitor prefix, e.g. 24 for /24                                                                                                                                                   |
+| `visitor-prefix-bits-ipv6`                 | `NTFY_VISITOR_PREFIX_BITS_IPV6`                 | *number*                                            | 64                | Rate limiting: Number of bits to use for IPv6 visitor prefix, e.g. 48 for /48                                                                                                                                                   |
 | `web-root`                                 | `NTFY_WEB_ROOT`                                 | *path*, e.g. `/` or `/app`, or `disable`            | `/`               | Sets root of the web app (e.g. /, or /app), or disables it entirely (disable)                                                                                                                                                   |
 | `enable-signup`                            | `NTFY_ENABLE_SIGNUP`                            | *boolean* (`true` or `false`)                       | `false`           | Allows users to sign up via the web app, or API                                                                                                                                                                                 |
 | `enable-login`                             | `NTFY_ENABLE_LOGIN`                             | *boolean* (`true` or `false`)                       | `false`           | Allows users to log in via the web app, or API                                                                                                                                                                                  |
@@ -1427,6 +1542,11 @@ variable before running the `ntfy` command (e.g. `export NTFY_LISTEN_HTTP=:80`).
 | `web-push-file`                            | `NTFY_WEB_PUSH_FILE`                            | *string*                                            | -                 | Web Push: Database file that stores subscriptions                                                                                                                                                                               |
 | `web-push-email-address`                   | `NTFY_WEB_PUSH_EMAIL_ADDRESS`                   | *string*                                            | -                 | Web Push: Sender email address                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
 | `web-push-startup-queries`                 | `NTFY_WEB_PUSH_STARTUP_QUERIES`                 | *string*                                            | -                 | Web Push: SQL queries to run against subscription database at startup                                                                                                                                                           |
+| `web-push-expiry-duration`                 | `NTFY_WEB_PUSH_EXPIRY_DURATION`                 | *duration*                                          | 60d               | Web Push: Duration after which a subscription is considered stale and will be deleted. This is to prevent stale subscriptions.                                                                                                  |
+| `web-push-expiry-warning-duration`         | `NTFY_WEB_PUSH_EXPIRY_WARNING_DURATION`         | *duration*                                          | 55d               | Web Push: Duration after which a warning is sent to subscribers that their subscription will expire soon. This is to prevent stale subscriptions.                                                                               |
+| `log-format`                               | `NTFY_LOG_FORMAT`                               | *string*                                            | `text`            | Defines the output format, can be text or json                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+| `log-file`                                 | `NTFY_LOG_FILE`                                 | *string*                                            | -                 | Defines the filename to write logs to. If this is not set, ntfy logs to stderr                                                                                                                                                  |
+| `log-level`                                | `NTFY_LOG_LEVEL`                                | *string*                                            | `info`            | Defines the default log level, can be one of trace, debug, info, warn or error                                                                                                                                                  |
 
 The format for a *duration* is: `<number>(smhd)`, e.g. 30s, 20m, 1h or 3d.   
 The format for a *size* is: `<number>(GMK)`, e.g. 1G, 200M or 4000k.
@@ -1505,6 +1625,7 @@ OPTIONS:
    --message-delay-limit value, --message_delay_limit value                                                               max duration a message can be scheduled into the future (default: "3d") [$NTFY_MESSAGE_DELAY_LIMIT]
    --global-topic-limit value, --global_topic_limit value, -T value                                                       total number of topics allowed (default: 15000) [$NTFY_GLOBAL_TOPIC_LIMIT]
    --visitor-subscription-limit value, --visitor_subscription_limit value                                                 number of subscriptions per visitor (default: 30) [$NTFY_VISITOR_SUBSCRIPTION_LIMIT]
+   --visitor-subscriber-rate-limiting, --visitor_subscriber_rate_limiting                                                 enables subscriber-based rate limiting (default: false) [$NTFY_VISITOR_SUBSCRIBER_RATE_LIMITING]
    --visitor-attachment-total-size-limit value, --visitor_attachment_total_size_limit value                               total storage limit used for attachments per visitor (default: "100M") [$NTFY_VISITOR_ATTACHMENT_TOTAL_SIZE_LIMIT]
    --visitor-attachment-daily-bandwidth-limit value, --visitor_attachment_daily_bandwidth_limit value                     total daily attachment download/upload bandwidth limit per visitor (default: "500M") [$NTFY_VISITOR_ATTACHMENT_DAILY_BANDWIDTH_LIMIT]
    --visitor-request-limit-burst value, --visitor_request_limit_burst value                                               initial limit of requests per visitor (default: 60) [$NTFY_VISITOR_REQUEST_LIMIT_BURST]
@@ -1513,8 +1634,11 @@ OPTIONS:
    --visitor-message-daily-limit value, --visitor_message_daily_limit value                                               max messages per visitor per day, derived from request limit if unset (default: 0) [$NTFY_VISITOR_MESSAGE_DAILY_LIMIT]
    --visitor-email-limit-burst value, --visitor_email_limit_burst value                                                   initial limit of e-mails per visitor (default: 16) [$NTFY_VISITOR_EMAIL_LIMIT_BURST]
    --visitor-email-limit-replenish value, --visitor_email_limit_replenish value                                           interval at which burst limit is replenished (one per x) (default: "1h") [$NTFY_VISITOR_EMAIL_LIMIT_REPLENISH]
-   --visitor-subscriber-rate-limiting, --visitor_subscriber_rate_limiting                                                 enables subscriber-based rate limiting (default: false) [$NTFY_VISITOR_SUBSCRIBER_RATE_LIMITING]
-   --behind-proxy, --behind_proxy, -P                                                                                     if set, use X-Forwarded-For header to determine visitor IP address (for rate limiting) (default: false) [$NTFY_BEHIND_PROXY]
+   --visitor-prefix-bits-ipv4 value, --visitor_prefix_bits_ipv4 value                                                     number of bits of the IPv4 address to use for rate limiting (default: 32, full address) (default: 32) [$NTFY_VISITOR_PREFIX_BITS_IPV4]
+   --visitor-prefix-bits-ipv6 value, --visitor_prefix_bits_ipv6 value                                                     number of bits of the IPv6 address to use for rate limiting (default: 64, /64 subnet) (default: 64) [$NTFY_VISITOR_PREFIX_BITS_IPV6]
+   --behind-proxy, --behind_proxy, -P                                                                                     if set, use forwarded header (e.g. X-Forwarded-For, X-Client-IP) to determine visitor IP address (for rate limiting) (default: false) [$NTFY_BEHIND_PROXY]
+   --proxy-forwarded-header value, --proxy_forwarded_header value                                                         use specified header to determine visitor IP address (for rate limiting) (default: "X-Forwarded-For") [$NTFY_PROXY_FORWARDED_HEADER]
+   --proxy-trusted-hosts value, --proxy_trusted_hosts value                                                               comma-separated list of trusted IP addresses, hosts, or CIDRs to remove from forwarded header [$NTFY_PROXY_TRUSTED_HOSTS]
    --stripe-secret-key value, --stripe_secret_key value                                                                   key used for the Stripe API communication, this enables payments [$NTFY_STRIPE_SECRET_KEY]
    --stripe-webhook-key value, --stripe_webhook_key value                                                                 key required to validate the authenticity of incoming webhooks from Stripe [$NTFY_STRIPE_WEBHOOK_KEY]
    --billing-contact value, --billing_contact value                                                                       e-mail or website to display in upgrade dialog (only if payments are enabled) [$NTFY_BILLING_CONTACT]
@@ -1526,5 +1650,7 @@ OPTIONS:
    --web-push-file value, --web_push_file value                                                                           file used to store web push subscriptions [$NTFY_WEB_PUSH_FILE]
    --web-push-email-address value, --web_push_email_address value                                                         e-mail address of sender, required to use browser push services [$NTFY_WEB_PUSH_EMAIL_ADDRESS]
    --web-push-startup-queries value, --web_push_startup_queries value                                                     queries run when the web push database is initialized [$NTFY_WEB_PUSH_STARTUP_QUERIES]
-   --help, -h                                                                                                             show help
+   --web-push-expiry-duration value, --web_push_expiry_duration value                                                     automatically expire unused subscriptions after this time (default: "60d") [$NTFY_WEB_PUSH_EXPIRY_DURATION]
+   --web-push-expiry-warning-duration value, --web_push_expiry_warning_duration value                                     send web push warning notification after this time before expiring unused subscriptions (default: "55d") [$NTFY_WEB_PUSH_EXPIRY_WARNING_DURATION]
+   --help, -h 
 ```

docs/develop.md

@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ strictly based off of my development on this app. There may be other versions of
 ### Apple setup
 
 !!! info
-    Along with this step, the [PLIST Deployment](#plist-deployment-and-configuration) step is also required 
+    Along with this step, the [PLIST Deployment](#plist-config) step is also required 
     for these changes to take effect in the iOS app.
 
 1. [Create a new key in Apple Developer Member Center](https://developer.apple.com/account/resources/authkeys/add)

docs/examples.md

@@ -31,6 +31,12 @@ GitHub have been hopeless. In case it ever becomes available, I want to know imm
 */6 * * * * if curl -s https://api.github.com/users/ntfy | grep "Not Found"; then curl -d "github.com/ntfy is available" -H "Tags: tada" -H "Prio: high" ntfy.sh/my-alerts; fi
 ```
 
+You can also use [`ntfy-run`](https://github.com/quantum5/ntfy-run) to send the output of your cronjob in the
+notification, so that you know exactly why it failed:
+
+```
+0 0 * * * ntfy-run -n https://ntfy.sh/backups --success-priority low --failure-tags warning ~/backup-computer
+```
 
 ## Low disk space alerts
 Here's a simple cronjob that I use to alert me when the disk space on the root disk is running low. It's simple, but 
@@ -161,7 +167,6 @@ services:
   watchtower:
     image: containrrr/watchtower
     environment:
-      - WATCHTOWER_NOTIFICATIONS=shoutrrr
       - WATCHTOWER_NOTIFICATION_SKIP_TITLE=True
       - WATCHTOWER_NOTIFICATION_URL=ntfy://ntfy.sh/my_watchtower_topic?title=WatchtowerUpdates
 ```
@@ -173,7 +178,14 @@ Or, if you only want to send notifications using shoutrrr:
 shoutrrr send -u "ntfy://ntfy.sh/my_watchtower_topic?title=WatchtowerUpdates" -m "testMessage"
 ```
 
-Authentication tokens are also supported via the generic webhook and authorization header using this url format (replace the domain, topic and token with your own):
+Authentication tokens are also supported:
+
+- (Recommended) Ntfy url format (replace the domain, topic and token with your own):
+```
+ntfy://:TOKEN@DOMAIN/TOPIC
+```
+
+- Generic webhook and authorization header using this url format (replace the domain, topic and token with your own):
 
 ```
 generic+https://DOMAIN/TOPIC?@authorization=Bearer+TOKEN`
@@ -607,6 +619,8 @@ This will only work on selfhosted [traccar](https://www.traccar.org/) ([Github](
 
 The easiest way to integrate traccar with ntfy, is to configure ntfy as the SMS provider for your instance. You then can set your ntfy topic as your account's phone number in traccar. Sending the email notifications to ntfy will not work, as ntfy does not support HTML emails.
 
+**Info:** Add a phone number to your traccar account not in device, as otherwise it will not try to send SMS.
+
 **Caution:** JSON publishing is only possible, when POST-ing to the root URL of the ntfy instance. (see [documentation](publish.md#publish-as-json))
 ```xml
         <entry key='sms.http.url'>https://ntfy.sh</entry>
@@ -626,3 +640,56 @@ or by simply providing traccar with a valid username/password combination.
         <entry key='sms.http.user'>phil</entry>
         <entry key='sms.http.password'>mypass</entry>
 ```
+
+## Terminal Notifications for Long-Running Commands
+
+This example provides a simple way to send notifications using [ntfy.sh](https://ntfy.sh) when a terminal command completes. It includes success or failure indicators based on the command's exit status.
+
+Store your ntfy.sh bearer token securely if access control is enabled:
+
+   ```sh
+   echo "your_bearer_token_here" > ~/.ntfy_token
+   chmod 600 ~/.ntfy_token
+   ```
+
+Add the following function and alias to your `.bashrc` or `.bash_profile`:
+
+   ```sh
+   # Function for alert notifications using ntfy.sh
+   notify_via_ntfy() {
+       local exit_status=$?  # Capture the exit status before doing anything else
+       local token=$(< ~/.ntfy_token)  # Securely read the token
+       local status_icon="$([ $exit_status -eq 0 ] && echo magic_wand || echo warning)"
+       local last_command=$(history | tail -n1 | sed -e 's/^[[:space:]]*[0-9]\{1,\}[[:space:]]*//' -e 's/[;&|][[:space:]]*alert$//')
+
+       curl -s -X POST "https://n.example.dev/alerts" \
+           -H "Authorization: Bearer $token" \
+           -H "Title: Terminal" \
+           -H "X-Priority: 3" \
+           -H "Tags: $status_icon" \
+           -d "Command: $last_command (Exit: $exit_status)"
+
+       echo "Tags: $status_icon"
+       echo "$last_command (Exit: $exit_status)"
+   }
+
+   # Add an "alert" alias for long running commands using ntfy.sh
+   alias alert='notify_via_ntfy'
+   ```
+
+Now you can run any long-running command and append `alert` to notify when it completes:
+
+```sh
+sleep 10; alert
+```
+![ntfy notifications on mobile device](static/img/mobile-screenshot-notification.png)
+
+**Notification Sent** with a success 🪄 (`magic_wand`) or failure ⚠️ (`warning`) tag.
+
+To test failure notifications:
+
+```sh
+false; alert  # Always fails (exit 1)
+ls --invalid; alert  # Invalid option
+cat nonexistent_file; alert  # File not found
+```

docs/index.md

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ ntfy lets you **send push notifications to your phone or desktop via scripts fro
 or POST requests. I use it to notify myself when scripts fail, or long-running commands complete.
 
 ## Step 1: Get the app
-<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.heckel.ntfy"><img src="static/img/badge-googleplay.png"></a>
-<a href="https://f-droid.org/en/packages/io.heckel.ntfy/"><img src="static/img/badge-fdroid.png"></a>
-<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ntfy/id1625396347"><img src="static/img/badge-appstore.png"></a>
+<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.heckel.ntfy"><img width="170" src="static/img/badge-googleplay.png"></a>
+<a href="https://f-droid.org/en/packages/io.heckel.ntfy/"><img width="170" src="static/img/badge-fdroid.png"></a>
+<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ntfy/id1625396347"><img width="150" src="static/img/badge-appstore.png"></a>
 
-To [receive notifications on your phone](subscribe/phone.md), install the app, either via Google Play or F-Droid.
+To [receive notifications on your phone](subscribe/phone.md), install the app, either via Google Play, App Store or F-Droid.
 Once installed, open it and subscribe to a topic of your choosing. Topics don't have to explicitly be created, so just
 pick a name and use it later when you [publish a message](publish.md). Note that **topic names are public, so it's wise 
 to choose something that cannot be guessed easily.** 

docs/install.md

@@ -30,37 +30,37 @@ deb/rpm packages.
 
 === "x86_64/amd64"
     ```bash
-    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz
-    tar zxvf ntfy_2.9.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz
-    sudo cp -a ntfy_2.9.0_linux_amd64/ntfy /usr/local/bin/ntfy
-    sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.9.0_linux_amd64/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
+    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz
+    tar zxvf ntfy_2.13.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz
+    sudo cp -a ntfy_2.13.0_linux_amd64/ntfy /usr/local/bin/ntfy
+    sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.13.0_linux_amd64/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
     sudo ntfy serve
     ```
 
 === "armv6"
     ```bash
-    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_linux_armv6.tar.gz
-    tar zxvf ntfy_2.9.0_linux_armv6.tar.gz
-    sudo cp -a ntfy_2.9.0_linux_armv6/ntfy /usr/bin/ntfy
-    sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.9.0_linux_armv6/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
+    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_linux_armv6.tar.gz
+    tar zxvf ntfy_2.13.0_linux_armv6.tar.gz
+    sudo cp -a ntfy_2.13.0_linux_armv6/ntfy /usr/bin/ntfy
+    sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.13.0_linux_armv6/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
     sudo ntfy serve
     ```
 
 === "armv7/armhf"
     ```bash
-    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_linux_armv7.tar.gz
-    tar zxvf ntfy_2.9.0_linux_armv7.tar.gz
-    sudo cp -a ntfy_2.9.0_linux_armv7/ntfy /usr/bin/ntfy
-    sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.9.0_linux_armv7/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
+    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_linux_armv7.tar.gz
+    tar zxvf ntfy_2.13.0_linux_armv7.tar.gz
+    sudo cp -a ntfy_2.13.0_linux_armv7/ntfy /usr/bin/ntfy
+    sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.13.0_linux_armv7/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
     sudo ntfy serve
     ```
 
 === "arm64"
     ```bash
-    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_linux_arm64.tar.gz
-    tar zxvf ntfy_2.9.0_linux_arm64.tar.gz
-    sudo cp -a ntfy_2.9.0_linux_arm64/ntfy /usr/bin/ntfy
-    sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.9.0_linux_arm64/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
+    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_linux_arm64.tar.gz
+    tar zxvf ntfy_2.13.0_linux_arm64.tar.gz
+    sudo cp -a ntfy_2.13.0_linux_arm64/ntfy /usr/bin/ntfy
+    sudo mkdir /etc/ntfy && sudo cp ntfy_2.13.0_linux_arm64/{client,server}/*.yml /etc/ntfy
     sudo ntfy serve
     ```
 
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ Manually installing the .deb file:
 
 === "x86_64/amd64"
     ```bash
-    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_linux_amd64.deb
+    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_linux_amd64.deb
     sudo dpkg -i ntfy_*.deb
     sudo systemctl enable ntfy
     sudo systemctl start ntfy
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ Manually installing the .deb file:
 
 === "armv6"
     ```bash
-    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_linux_armv6.deb
+    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_linux_armv6.deb
     sudo dpkg -i ntfy_*.deb
     sudo systemctl enable ntfy
     sudo systemctl start ntfy
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ Manually installing the .deb file:
 
 === "armv7/armhf"
     ```bash
-    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_linux_armv7.deb
+    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_linux_armv7.deb
     sudo dpkg -i ntfy_*.deb
     sudo systemctl enable ntfy
     sudo systemctl start ntfy
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ Manually installing the .deb file:
 
 === "arm64"
     ```bash
-    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_linux_arm64.deb
+    wget https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_linux_arm64.deb
     sudo dpkg -i ntfy_*.deb
     sudo systemctl enable ntfy
     sudo systemctl start ntfy
@@ -144,28 +144,28 @@ Manually installing the .deb file:
 
 === "x86_64/amd64"
     ```bash
-    sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_linux_amd64.rpm
+    sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_linux_amd64.rpm
     sudo systemctl enable ntfy 
     sudo systemctl start ntfy
     ```
 
 === "armv6"
     ```bash
-    sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_linux_armv6.rpm
+    sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_linux_armv6.rpm
     sudo systemctl enable ntfy
     sudo systemctl start ntfy
     ```
 
 === "armv7/armhf"
     ```bash
-    sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_linux_armv7.rpm
+    sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_linux_armv7.rpm
     sudo systemctl enable ntfy 
     sudo systemctl start ntfy
     ```
 
 === "arm64"
     ```bash
-    sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_linux_arm64.rpm
+    sudo rpm -ivh https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_linux_arm64.rpm
     sudo systemctl enable ntfy 
     sudo systemctl start ntfy
     ```
@@ -195,18 +195,18 @@ NixOS also supports [declarative setup of the ntfy server](https://search.nixos.
 
 ## macOS
 The [ntfy CLI](subscribe/cli.md) (`ntfy publish` and `ntfy subscribe` only) is supported on macOS as well. 
-To install, please [download the tarball](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_darwin_all.tar.gz), 
+To install, please [download the tarball](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_darwin_all.tar.gz), 
 extract it and place it somewhere in your `PATH` (e.g. `/usr/local/bin/ntfy`). 
 
 If run as `root`, ntfy will look for its config at `/etc/ntfy/client.yml`. For all other users, it'll look for it at 
 `~/Library/Application Support/ntfy/client.yml` (sample included in the tarball).
 
 ```bash
-curl -L https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_darwin_all.tar.gz > ntfy_2.9.0_darwin_all.tar.gz
-tar zxvf ntfy_2.9.0_darwin_all.tar.gz
-sudo cp -a ntfy_2.9.0_darwin_all/ntfy /usr/local/bin/ntfy
+curl -L https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_darwin_all.tar.gz > ntfy_2.13.0_darwin_all.tar.gz
+tar zxvf ntfy_2.13.0_darwin_all.tar.gz
+sudo cp -a ntfy_2.13.0_darwin_all/ntfy /usr/local/bin/ntfy
 mkdir ~/Library/Application\ Support/ntfy 
-cp ntfy_2.9.0_darwin_all/client/client.yml ~/Library/Application\ Support/ntfy/client.yml
+cp ntfy_2.13.0_darwin_all/client/client.yml ~/Library/Application\ Support/ntfy/client.yml
 ntfy --help
 ```
 
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ brew install ntfy
 
 ## Windows
 The [ntfy CLI](subscribe/cli.md) (`ntfy publish` and `ntfy subscribe` only) is supported on Windows as well.
-To install, please [download the latest ZIP](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.9.0/ntfy_2.9.0_windows_amd64.zip),
+To install, please [download the latest ZIP](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases/download/v2.13.0/ntfy_2.13.0_windows_amd64.zip),
 extract it and place the `ntfy.exe` binary somewhere in your `%Path%`. 
 
 The default path for the client config file is at `%AppData%\ntfy\client.yml` (not created automatically, sample in the ZIP file).
@@ -280,8 +280,6 @@ docker run \
 
 Using docker-compose with non-root user and healthchecks enabled:
 ```yaml
-version: "2.3"
-
 services:
   ntfy:
     image: binwiederhier/ntfy
@@ -540,7 +538,7 @@ kubectl apply -k /ntfy
                       cpu: 150m
                       memory: 150Mi
               volumeMounts:
-                  - mountPath: /etc/ntfy/server.yml
+                  - mountPath: /etc/ntfy
                     subPath: server.yml
                     name: config-volume # generated vie configMapGenerator from kustomization file
                   - mountPath: /var/cache/ntfy

docs/integrations.md

@@ -4,9 +4,21 @@ There are quite a few projects that work with ntfy, integrate ntfy, or have been
 
 I've added a ⭐ to projects or posts that have a significant following, or had a lot of interaction by the community.
 
+## Table of Contents
+
+- [Official integrations](#official-integrations)
+- [Integration via HTTP/SMTP/etc.](#integration-via-httpsmtpetc)
+- [UnifiedPush integrations](#unifiedpush-integrations)
+- [Libraries](#libraries)
+- [CLIs + GUIs](#clis-guis)
+- [Projects + scripts](#projects-scripts)
+- [Blog + forum posts](#blog-forum-posts)
+- [Alternative ntfy servers](#alternative-ntfy-servers)
+
 ## Official integrations
 
 - [changedetection.io](https://changedetection.io) ⭐ - Website change detection and notification
+- [Home Assistant](https://www.home-assistant.io/integrations/ntfy) ⭐ - Home Assistant is an open-source platform for automating and controlling smart home devices.
 - [Healthchecks.io](https://healthchecks.io/) ⭐ - Online service for monitoring regularly running tasks such as cron jobs
 - [Apprise](https://github.com/caronc/apprise/wiki/Notify_ntfy) ⭐ - Push notifications that work with just about every platform
 - [Uptime Kuma](https://uptime.kuma.pet/) ⭐ - A self-hosted monitoring tool
@@ -26,14 +38,21 @@ I've added a ⭐ to projects or posts that have a significant following, or had
 - [Cloudron](https://www.cloudron.io/store/sh.ntfy.cloudronapp.html) - Platform that makes it easy to manage web apps on your server
 - [Xitoring](https://xitoring.com/docs/notifications/notification-roles/ntfy/) - Server and Uptime monitoring
 - [HetrixTools](https://docs.hetrixtools.com/ntfy-sh-notifications/) - Uptime monitoring
+- [EasyMorph](https://help.easymorph.com/doku.php?id=transformations:sendntfymessage) - Visual data transformation and automation tool
+- [Monibot](https://monibot.io/) - Monibot monitors your websites, servers and applications and notifies you if something goes wrong.
+- [Miniflux](https://miniflux.app/docs/ntfy.html) - Minimalist and opinionated feed reader
+- [Beszel](https://beszel.dev/guide/notifications/ntfy) - Server monitoring platform
 
 ## Integration via HTTP/SMTP/etc.
 
 - [Watchtower](https://containrrr.dev/watchtower/) ⭐ - Automating Docker container base image updates (see [integration example](examples.md#watchtower-shoutrrr))
 - [Jellyfin](https://jellyfin.org/) ⭐ - The Free Software Media System (see [integration example](examples.md#))
-- [Overseer](https://docs.overseerr.dev/using-overseerr/notifications/webhooks) ⭐ - a request management and media discovery tool for Plex (see [integration example](examples.md#jellyseerroverseerr-webhook))
+- [Overseerr](https://docs.overseerr.dev/using-overseerr/notifications/webhooks) ⭐ - a request management and media discovery tool for Plex (see [integration example](examples.md#jellyseerroverseerr-webhook))
 - [Tautulli](https://github.com/Tautulli/Tautulli) ⭐ - Monitoring and tracking tool for Plex (integration [via webhook](https://github.com/Tautulli/Tautulli/wiki/Notification-Agents-Guide#webhook))
 - [Mailrise](https://github.com/YoRyan/mailrise) - An SMTP gateway (integration via [Apprise](https://github.com/caronc/apprise/wiki/Notify_ntfy))
+- [Proxmox-Ntfy](https://github.com/qtsone/proxmox-ntfy) - Python script that monitors Proxmox tasks and sends notifications using the Ntfy service.
+- [Scrutiny](https://github.com/AnalogJ/scrutiny) - WebUI for smartd S.M.A.R.T monitoring. Scrutiny includes shoutrrr/ntfy integration ([see integration README](https://github.com/AnalogJ/scrutiny?tab=readme-ov-file#notifications))
+- [UptimeObserver](https://uptimeobserver.com) - Uptime Monitoring tool for Websites, APIs, SSL Certificates, DNS, Domain Names and Ports. [Integration Guide](https://support.uptimeobserver.com/integrations/ntfy/)
 
 ## [UnifiedPush](https://unifiedpush.org/users/apps/) integrations
 
@@ -61,16 +80,22 @@ I've added a ⭐ to projects or posts that have a significant following, or had
 - [gotfy](https://github.com/AnthonyHewins/gotfy) - A Go wrapper for the ntfy API (Go)
 - [symfony/ntfy-notifier](https://symfony.com/components/NtfyNotifier) ⭐ - Symfony Notifier integration for ntfy (PHP)
 - [ntfy-java](https://github.com/MaheshBabu11/ntfy-java/) - A Java package to interact with a ntfy server (Java)
+- [aiontfy](https://github.com/tr4nt0r/aiontfy) - Asynchronous client library for publishing and subscribing to ntfy (Python)
 
 ## CLIs + GUIs
 
 - [ntfy.sh.sh](https://github.com/mininmobile/ntfy.sh.sh) - Run scripts on ntfy.sh events
-- [ntfy Desktop client](https://codeberg.org/zvava/ntfy-desktop) - Cross-platform desktop application for ntfy
+- [ntfy-desktop](https://codeberg.org/zvava/ntfy-desktop) - Cross-platform desktop application for ntfy
+- [ntfy-desktop](https://github.com/Aetherinox/ntfy-desktop) - Desktop client for Windows, Linux, and MacOS with push notifications
 - [ntfy svelte front-end](https://github.com/novatorem/Ntfy) - Front-end built with svelte
 - [wio-ntfy-ticker](https://github.com/nachotp/wio-ntfy-ticker) - Ticker display for a ntfy.sh topic
 - [ntfysh-windows](https://github.com/lucas-bortoli/ntfysh-windows) - A ntfy client for Windows Desktop
 - [ntfyr](https://github.com/haxwithaxe/ntfyr) - A simple commandline tool to send notifications to ntfy
 - [ntfy.py](https://github.com/ioqy/ntfy-client-python) - ntfy.py is a simple nfty.sh client for sending notifications
+- [wlzntfy](https://github.com/Walzen-Group/ntfy-toaster) - A minimalistic, receive-only toast notification client for Windows 11
+- [Ntfy_CSV_Reminders](https://github.com/thiswillbeyourgithub/Ntfy_CSV_Reminders) - A Python tool that sends random-timing phone notifications for recurring tasks by using daily probability checks based on CSV-defined frequencies.
+- [Daily Fact Ntfy](https://github.com/thiswillbeyourgithub/Daily_Fact_Ntfy) - Generate [llm](https://github.com/simonw/llm) generated fact every day about any topic you're interested in.
+- [ntfyexec](https://github.com/alecthomas/ntfyexec) - Send a notification through ntfy.sh if a command fails
 
 ## Projects + scripts 
 
@@ -79,6 +104,7 @@ I've added a ⭐ to projects or posts that have a significant following, or had
 - [Grafana-to-ntfy](https://gitlab.com/Saibe1111/grafana-to-ntfy) - Grafana-to-ntfy alerts channel (Node Js)
 - [ntfy-long-zsh-command](https://github.com/robfox92/ntfy-long-zsh-command) - Notifies you once a long-running command completes (zsh)
 - [ntfy-shellscripts](https://github.com/nickexyz/ntfy-shellscripts) - A few scripts for the ntfy project (Shell)
+- [alertmanager-ntfy-relay](https://github.com/therobbielee/alertmanager-ntfy-relay) - ntfy.sh relay for Alertmanager (Go)
 - [QuickStatus](https://github.com/corneliusroot/QuickStatus) - A shell script to alert to any immediate problems upon login (Shell)
 - [ntfy.el](https://github.com/shombando/ntfy) - Send notifications from Emacs (Emacs)
 - [backup-projects](https://gist.github.com/anthonyaxenov/826ba65abbabd5b00196bc3e6af76002) - Stupidly simple backup script for own projects (Shell)
@@ -126,7 +152,7 @@ I've added a ⭐ to projects or posts that have a significant following, or had
 - [ntfyd](https://github.com/joachimschmidt557/ntfyd) - ntfy desktop daemon (Zig)
 - [ntfy-browser](https://github.com/johman10/ntfy-browser) - browser extension to receive notifications without having the page open (TypeScript)
 - [ntfy-electron](https://github.com/xdpirate/ntfy-electron) - Electron wrapper for the ntfy web app (JS)
-- [systemd-ntfy-poweronoff](https://github.com/stendler/systemd-ntfy-poweronoff) -  Systemd services to send notifications on system startup and shutdown (Go)
+- [systemd-ntfy-poweronoff](https://github.com/stendler/systemd-ntfy-poweronoff) - Systemd services to send notifications on system startup, shutdown and service failure
 - [msgdrop](https://github.com/jbrubake/msgdrop) - Send and receive encrypted messages (Bash)
 - [vigilant](https://github.com/VerifiedJoseph/vigilant) - Monitor RSS/ATOM and JSON feeds, and send push notifications on new entries (PHP)
 - [ansible-role-ntfy-alertmanager](https://github.com/bleetube/ansible-role-ntfy-alertmanager) - Ansible role to install xenrox/ntfy-alertmanager
@@ -141,9 +167,26 @@ I've added a ⭐ to projects or posts that have a significant following, or had
 - [Notify](https://flathub.org/apps/com.ranfdev.Notify) - Native GTK4 client for ntfy (Rust) 
 - [notify-via-ntfy](https://exchange.checkmk.com/p/notify-via-ntfy) - Checkmk plugin to send notifications via ntfy (Python)
 - [ntfy-java](https://github.com/MaheshBabu11/ntfy-java/) - A Java package to interact with a ntfy server (Java)
+- [container-update-check](https://github.com/stendler/container-update-check) - Scripts to check and notify if a podman or docker container image can be updated (Podman/Shell)
+- [ignition-combustion-template](https://github.com/stendler/ignition-combustion-template) - Templates and scripts to generate a configuration to automatically setup a system on first boot. Including systemd-ntfy-poweronoff (Shell)
+- [ntfy-run](https://github.com/quantum5/ntfy-run) - Tool to run a command, capture its output, and send it to ntfy (Rust)
+- [Clipboard IO](https://github.com/jim3692/clipboard-io) - End to end encrypted clipboard
+- [ntfy-me-mcp](https://github.com/gitmotion/ntfy-me-mcp) - An ntfy MCP server for sending/fetching ntfy notifications to your self-hosted ntfy server from AI Agents (supports secure token auth & more - use with npx or docker!) (Node/Typescript)
+- [InvaderInformant](https://github.com/patricksthannon/InvaderInformant) - Script for Mac OS systems that monitors new or dropped connections to your network using ntfy (Shell)
+- [NtfyPwsh](https://github.com/ptmorris1/NtfyPwsh) - PowerShell module to help send messages to ntfy (PowerShell)
+- [ntfyrr](https://github.com/leukosaima/ntfyrr) - Currently an Overseerr webhook notification to ntfy helper service.
 
 ## Blog + forum posts
 
+- [Device notifications via HTTP with ntfy](https://alistairshepherd.uk/writing/ntfy/) - alistairshepherd.uk - 6/2025
+- [Notifications about (almost) anything with ntfy.sh](https://hamatti.org/posts/notifications-about-almost-anything-with-ntfy-sh/) - hamatti.org - 6/2025
+- [I set up a self-hosted notification service for everything, and I'll never look back](https://www.xda-developers.com/set-up-self-hosted-notification-service/) ⭐ - xda-developers.com - 5/2025
+- [How to Set Up Ntfy: Self-Hosted Push Notifications Made Easy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDJDiAYZ3H0) - youtube.com (sass drew) - 1/2025
+- [The NTFY is a game-changer FREE solution for IT people](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtlztHT-sRw) - youtube.com (Valters Tech Turf) - 1/2025
+- [Notify: A Powerful Tool for Real-Time Notifications (ntfy.sh)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXTTeVfGBz0) - youtube.com (LinuxCloudHacks) - 12/2025
+- [Push notifications with ntfy and n8n](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKG1R3xYvwQ) - youtube.com (Oskar) - 10/2024
+- [Setup ntfy for selfhosted notifications with Cloudflare Tunnel](https://medium.com/@svenvanginkel/setup-ntfy-for-selfhosted-notifications-with-cloudflare-tunnel-e342f470177d) - medium.com (Sven van Ginkel) - 10/2024
+- [Self-Host NTFY - How It Works & Easy Setup Guide](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79wHc_jfrJE) ⭐ - youtube.com (Techdox)- 9/2024
 - [ntfy / Emacs Lisp](https://speechcode.com/blog/ntfy/) - speechcode.com - 3/2024
 - [Boost Your Productivity with ntfy.sh: The Ultimate Notification Tool for Command-Line Users](https://dev.to/archetypal/boost-your-productivity-with-ntfysh-the-ultimate-notification-tool-for-command-line-users-iil) - dev.to - 3/2024
 - [Nextcloud Talk (F-Droid version) notifications using ntfy (ntfy.sh)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0a6PpfN5PD8) - youtube.com - 2/2024
@@ -241,6 +284,8 @@ I've added a ⭐ to projects or posts that have a significant following, or had
 - [ntfy otro sistema de notificaciones pub-sub simple basado en HTTP](https://ugeek.github.io/blog/post/2021-11-05-ntfy-sh-otro-sistema-de-notificaciones-pub-sub-simple-basado-en-http.html) - ugeek.github.io - 11/2021
 - [Show HN: A tool to send push notifications to your phone, written in Go](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=29715464) ⭐ - news.ycombinator.com - 12/2021
 - [Reddit selfhostable post](https://www.reddit.com/r/selfhosted/comments/qxlsm9/my_open_source_notification_android_app_and/) ⭐ - reddit.com - 11/2021
+- [ntfy on The Canary in the Cage Podcast](https://odysee.com/@TheCanaryInTheCage:b/The-Canary-in-the-Cage-Episode-42:1?r=4gitYjTacQqPEjf22874USecDQYJ5y5E&t=3062) - odysee.com - 1/2025
+- [NtfyPwsh - A PowerShell Module to Send Ntfy Messages](https://ptmorris1.github.io/posts/NtfyPwsh/) - github.io - 5/2025
 
 ## Alternative ntfy servers
 

docs/releases.md

@@ -2,13 +2,122 @@
 Binaries for all releases can be found on the GitHub releases pages for the [ntfy server](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases)
 and the [ntfy Android app](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-android/releases).
 
+### ntfy server v2.13.0
+Released July 10, 2025
+
+This is a relatively small release, mainly to support IPv6 and to add more sophisticated
+proxy header support. Quick reminder that if you like ntfy, **please consider sponsoring us**
+via [GitHub Sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/binwiederhier) and [Liberapay](https://en.liberapay.com/ntfy/), or buying a [paid plan via the web app](https://ntfy.sh/app).
+ntfy will always remain open source.
+
+**Features:**
+
+* Full [IPv6 support](config.md#ipv6-support) for ntfy and the official ntfy.sh server ([#519](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/519)/[#1380](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1380)/[ansible#4](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-ansible/pull/4))
+* Support `X-Client-IP`, `X-Real-IP`, `Forwarded` headers for [rate limiting](config.md#ip-based-rate-limiting) via `proxy-forwarded-header` and `proxy-trusted-hosts` ([#1360](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1360)/[#1252](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1252), thanks to [@pixitha](https://github.com/pixitha))
+* Add STDIN support for `ntfy publish` ([#1382](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1382), thanks to [@srevn](https://github.com/srevn))
+
+**Languages**
+
+* Update new languages from Weblate. Thanks to all the contributors!
+* Added Estonian (Esti), Galician (Galego), Romanian (Română), Slovak (Slovenčina) as new languages to the web app
+
+### ntfy server v2.12.0
+Released May 29, 2025
+
+This is mainly a maintenance release that updates dependencies, though since it's been over a year, there are a few
+new features and bug fixes as well. 
+
+Thanks to everyone who contributed to this release, and special thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for his continued
+user support in Discord/Matrix/GitHub! You rock, man!  
+
+**Features:**
+
+* Add username/password auth to email publishing ([#1164](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1164), thanks to [@bishtawi](https://github.com/bishtawi))
+* Write VAPID keys to file in `ntfy webpush --output-file` ([#1138](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1138), thanks to [@nogweii](https://github.com/nogweii))
+* Add Docker major/minor version to image tags ([#1271](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1271), thanks to [@RoboMagus](https://github.com/RoboMagus))
+* Add `latest` subscription param for grabbing just the most recent message ([#1216](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1216), thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8))
+* Allow using `NTFY_PASSWORD_HASH` in `ntfy user` command instead of raw password ([#1340](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1340), thanks to [@Tom-Hubrecht](https://github.com/Tom-Hubrecht) for implementing)
+* You can now change passwords via `v1/users` API ([#1267](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1267), thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for implementing)
+* Make WebPush subscription warning/expiry configurable, increase default to 55/60 days ([#1212](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1212), thanks to [@KuroSetsuna29](https://github.com/KuroSetsuna29))
+* Support [systemd user service](https://docs.ntfy.sh/subscribe/cli/#using-the-systemd-service) `ntfy-client.service` ([#1002](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1002), thanks to [@dandersch](https://github.com/dandersch))
+
+**Bug fixes + maintenance:**
+
+* Security updates for dependencies and Docker images ([#1341](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1341))
+* Upgrade to Vite 6 ([#1342](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1342), thanks Dependabot)
+* Fix iOS delivery issues for read-protected topics ([#1207](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1287), thanks a lot to [@barart](https://github.com/barart)!)
+* Add `Date` header to outgoing emails to avoid rejection ([#1141](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1141), thanks to [@pcouy](https://github.com/pcouy))
+* Fix IP address parsing when behind a proxy ([#1266](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1266), thanks to [@mmatuska](https://github.com/mmatuska))
+* Make sure UnifiedPush messages are not treated as attachments ([#1312](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1312), thanks to [@vkrause](https://github.com/vkrause))
+* Add OCI image version to Docker image ([#1307](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1307), thanks to [@jlssmt](https://github.com/jlssmt))
+* WebSocket returning incorrect HTTP error code ([#1338](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1338) / [#1337](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1337), thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for debugging and implementing)
+* Make Markdown in the web app scrollable horizontally ([#1262](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1262), thanks to [@rake5k](https://github.com/rake5k) for fixing)
+* Make sure WebPush subscription topics are actually deleted (no ticket)
+* Increase the number of access tokens per user to 60 ([#1308](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1308))
+* Allow specifying `cache` and `firebase` via JSON publishing ([#1119](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1119)/[#1123](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1123), thanks to [@stendler](https://github.com/stendler))
+
+**Documentation:**
+
+* Lots of new integrations and projects. Amazing!
+    * [ntfy-me-mcp](https://github.com/gitmotion/ntfy-me-mcp)
+    * [UptimeObserver](https://uptimeobserver.com)
+    * [alertmanager-ntfy-relay](https://github.com/therobbielee/alertmanager-ntfy-relay)
+    * [Monibot](https://monibot.io/)
+    * [Daily_Fact_Ntfy](https://github.com/thiswillbeyourgithub/Daily_Fact_Ntfy)
+    * [EasyMorph](https://help.easymorph.com/doku.php?id=transformations:sendntfymessage)
+    * [ntfy-run](https://github.com/quantum5/ntfy-run)
+    * [Clipboard IO](https://github.com/jim3692/clipboard-io)
+    * [ntfy-me-mcp](https://github.com/gitmotion/ntfy-me-mcp)
+    * [InvaderInformant](https://github.com/patricksthannon/InvaderInformant)
+* Various docs updates ([#1161](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1161), thanks to [@OneWeekNotice](https://github.com/OneWeekNotice))
+* Typo in config docs ([#1177](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1177), thanks to [@hoho4190](https://github.com/hoho4190))
+* Typo in CLI docs ([#1172](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1172), thanks to [@anirvan](https://github.com/anirvan))
+* Correction about MacroDroid ([#1137](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1137), thanks to [@ShlomoCode](https://github.com/ShlomoCode))
+* Note about fail2ban in Docker ([#1175](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1175)), thanks to [@Measurity](https://github.com/Measurity))
+* Lots of other tiny docs updates, thanks to everyone who contributed!
+
+**Languages**
+
+* Update new languages from Weblate. Thanks to all the contributors!
+* Added Tamil (தமிழ்) as a new language to the web app
+
+### ntfy server v2.11.0
+Released May 13, 2024
+
+This is a tiny release that fixes a database index issue that caused performance issues on ntfy.sh. It also fixes a bug
+in the rate visitor logic that caused rate visitors to be assigned to seemingly random topics. Nothing major this time.
+
+❤️ Quick reminder that if you like ntfy, **please consider sponsoring us** via [GitHub Sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/binwiederhier)
+and [Liberapay](https://en.liberapay.com/ntfy/), or buying a [paid plan via the web app](https://ntfy.sh/app). ntfy will always remain open source.
+
+**Bug fixes + maintenance:**
+
+* Re-add database index `idx_topic` to the `messages` table to fix performance issues on ntfy.sh (no ticket, big thanks to [@tcaputi](https://github.com/tcaputi) for finding this issue)
+* Do not set rate visitor for non-eligible topics (no ticket)
+* Do not cache `config.js` ([#1098](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1098), thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8))
+
+### ntfy server v2.10.0
+Released Mar 27, 2024
+
+This release adds support for **message templating** in the ntfy server, which allows you to include a message and/or
+title template that will be filled with values from a JSON body (e.g. `curl -gd '{"alert":"Disk space low"}' "ntfy.sh/mytopic?tpl=1&m={{.alert}}"`).
+This is great for services that let you specify a webhook URL but do not let you change the webhook body (such as GitHub, or Grafana).
+
+**Features:**
+
+* [Message templating](publish.md#message-templating): You can now include a message and/or title template that will be filled with values from a JSON body ([#724](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/724), thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for implementing)
+
 ### ntfy server v2.9.0
 Released Mar 7, 2024
 
-A small release after a long pause (lots of day job work). This release adds for **larger messages** and **longer message delays** in scheduled delivery messages. The web app also now supports pasting images from the clipboard. Other than that, only a few bug fixes and documentation updates, and a teeny tiny breaking change 😬.
+A small release after a long pause (lots of day job work). This release adds for **larger messages** and **longer
+message delays** in scheduled delivery messages. The web app also now supports pasting images from the clipboard. Other
+than that, only a few bug fixes and documentation updates, and a teeny tiny breaking change 😬.
 
 !!! info
-    ⚠️ **Breaking change**: The `Rate-Topics` header was removed due to a [DoS issue](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1048). This only affects installations with `visitor-subscriber-rate-limiting: true`, which is not the default and likely very rarely used. Normally I'd never remove a feature, but this is a security issue, and likely affects almost nobody.
+    ⚠️ **Breaking change**: The `Rate-Topics` header was removed due to a [DoS issue](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1048). This only affects
+    installations with `visitor-subscriber-rate-limiting: true`, which is not the default and likely very rarely used.
+    Normally I'd never remove a feature, but this is a security issue, and likely affects almost nobody.
 
 **Features:**
 
@@ -30,7 +139,9 @@ A small release after a long pause (lots of day job work). This release adds for
 ## ntfy iOS app v1.3
 Released Nov 26, 2023
 
-This release (hopefully) fixes the issues with the iOS UI not updating properly when new notifications arrive, as well as notifications not being received (anymore) after previously working. Both issues have been annoying and known bugs for a long time, and I hope that they are finally fixed. 
+This release (hopefully) fixes the issues with the iOS UI not updating properly when new notifications arrive, as well
+as notifications not being received (anymore) after previously working. Both issues have been annoying and known bugs
+for a long time, and I hope that they are finally fixed. 
 
 Many thanks to [@tcaputi](https://github.com/tcaputi) for fixing the issues, and to the anonymous donor for sponsoring these fixes.
 
@@ -41,7 +152,10 @@ Many thanks to [@tcaputi](https://github.com/tcaputi) for fixing the issues, and
 ## ntfy server v2.8.0
 Released November 19, 2023
 
-This release brings a handful of random bug fixes: two unrelated access control list fixes, a fix around web app crashes for languages with underscores in the language code (e.g. `zh_Hant`, `zh_Hans`, `pt_BR`, ...), a workaround for the `Priority` header (often used in Cloudflare setups), and support among others support for HTML-only emails (finally), web app crash fixes 
+This release brings a handful of random bug fixes: two unrelated access control list fixes, a fix around web app crashes
+for languages with underscores in the language code (e.g. `zh_Hant`, `zh_Hans`, `pt_BR`, ...), a workaround for the
+`Priority` header (often used in Cloudflare setups), and support among others support for HTML-only emails (finally),
+web app crash fixes 
 
 **Bug fixes + maintenance:**
 
@@ -654,7 +768,7 @@ minute or so, due to competing stats gathering (personal installations will like
 
 **Features:**
 
-* Add `cache-startup-queries` option to allow custom [SQLite performance tuning](config.md#wal-for-message-cache) (no ticket)
+* Add `cache-startup-queries` option to allow custom [SQLite performance tuning](config.md#message-cache) (no ticket)
 * ntfy CLI can now [wait for a command or PID](subscribe/cli.md#wait-for-pidcommand) before publishing ([#263](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/263), thanks to the [original ntfy](https://github.com/dschep/ntfy) for the idea)
 * Trace: Log entire HTTP request to simplify debugging (no ticket)
 * Allow setting user password via `NTFY_PASSWORD` env variable ([#327](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/327), thanks to [@Kenix3](https://github.com/Kenix3))
@@ -1338,11 +1452,12 @@ and the [ntfy Android app](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-android/release
 
 ## Not released yet
 
-### ntfy server v2.9.1 (UNRELEASED)
+### ntfy server v2.14.0 (UNRELEASED)
 
 **Features:**
 
-* You can now include a message and/or title template that will be filled with values from a JSON body, great for services that let you specify a webhook URL but do not let you change the webhook body (such as Grafana). ([#724](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/724), thanks to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for implementing)
+* Enhanced JSON webhook support via [pre-defined](publish.md#pre-defined-templates) and [custom templates](publish.md#custom-templates) ([#1390](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1390))
+* Support of advanced [template functions](publish.md#template-functions) based on the [Sprig](https://github.com/Masterminds/sprig) library ([#1121](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1121), thanks to [@davidatkinsondoyle](https://github.com/davidatkinsondoyle) for reporting, to [@wunter8](https://github.com/wunter8) for implementing, and to the Sprig team for their work)
 
 ### ntfy Android app v1.16.1 (UNRELEASED)
 

docs/static/js/extra.js

@@ -1,99 +1,103 @@
 // Link tabs, as per https://facelessuser.github.io/pymdown-extensions/extensions/tabbed/#linked-tabs
 
-const savedCodeTab = localStorage.getItem('savedTab')
-const codeTabs = document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set > input")
+const savedCodeTab = localStorage.getItem("savedTab");
+const codeTabs = document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set > input");
 for (const tab of codeTabs) {
-    tab.addEventListener("click", () => {
-        const current = document.querySelector(`label[for=${tab.id}]`)
-        const pos = current.getBoundingClientRect().top
-        const labelContent = current.innerHTML
-        const labels = document.querySelectorAll('.tabbed-set > label, .tabbed-alternate > .tabbed-labels > label')
-        for (const label of labels) {
-            if (label.innerHTML === labelContent) {
-                document.querySelector(`input[id=${label.getAttribute('for')}]`).checked = true
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Preserve scroll position
-        const delta = (current.getBoundingClientRect().top) - pos
-        window.scrollBy(0, delta)
-
-        // Save
-        localStorage.setItem('savedTab', labelContent)
-    })
-
-    // Select saved tab
-    const current = document.querySelector(`label[for=${tab.id}]`)
-    const labelContent = current.innerHTML
-    if (savedCodeTab === labelContent) {
-        tab.checked = true
+  tab.addEventListener("click", () => {
+    const current = document.querySelector(`label[for=${tab.id}]`);
+    const pos = current.getBoundingClientRect().top;
+    const labelContent = current.innerHTML;
+    const labels = document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set > label, .tabbed-alternate > .tabbed-labels > label");
+    for (const label of labels) {
+      if (label.innerHTML === labelContent) {
+        document.querySelector(`input[id=${label.getAttribute("for")}]`).checked = true;
+      }
     }
+    
+    // Preserve scroll position
+    const delta = (current.getBoundingClientRect().top) - pos;
+    window.scrollBy(0, delta);
+
+    // Save
+    localStorage.setItem("savedTab", labelContent);
+  });
+
+  // Select saved tab
+  const current = document.querySelector(`label[for=${tab.id}]`);
+  const labelContent = current.innerHTML;
+  if (savedCodeTab === labelContent) {
+    tab.checked = true;
+  }
 }
 
 // Lightbox for screenshot
 
-const lightbox = document.createElement('div');
-lightbox.classList.add('lightbox');
+const lightbox = document.createElement("div");
+lightbox.classList.add("lightbox");
 document.body.appendChild(lightbox);
 
 const showScreenshotOverlay = (e, el, group, index) => {
-    lightbox.classList.add('show');
-    document.addEventListener('keydown', nextScreenshotKeyboardListener);
-    return showScreenshot(e, group, index);
+  lightbox.classList.add("show");
+  document.addEventListener("keydown", nextScreenshotKeyboardListener);
+  return showScreenshot(e, group, index);
 };
 
 const showScreenshot = (e, group, index) => {
-    const actualIndex = resolveScreenshotIndex(group, index);
-    lightbox.innerHTML = '<div class="close-lightbox"></div>' + screenshots[group][actualIndex].innerHTML;
-    lightbox.querySelector('img').onclick = (e) => { return showScreenshot(e, group, actualIndex+1); };
-    currentScreenshotGroup = group;
-    currentScreenshotIndex = actualIndex;
-    e.stopPropagation();
-    return false;
+  const actualIndex = resolveScreenshotIndex(group, index);
+  lightbox.innerHTML = "<div class=\"close-lightbox\"></div>" + screenshots[group][actualIndex].innerHTML;
+  lightbox.querySelector("img").onclick = (e) => {
+    return showScreenshot(e, group, actualIndex + 1);
+  };
+  currentScreenshotGroup = group;
+  currentScreenshotIndex = actualIndex;
+  e.stopPropagation();
+  return false;
 };
 
 const nextScreenshot = (e) => {
-    return showScreenshot(e, currentScreenshotGroup, currentScreenshotIndex+1);
+  return showScreenshot(e, currentScreenshotGroup, currentScreenshotIndex + 1);
 };
 
 const previousScreenshot = (e) => {
-    return showScreenshot(e, currentScreenshotGroup, currentScreenshotIndex-1);
+  return showScreenshot(e, currentScreenshotGroup, currentScreenshotIndex - 1);
 };
 
 const resolveScreenshotIndex = (group, index) => {
-    if (index < 0) {
-        return screenshots[group].length - 1;
-    } else if (index > screenshots[group].length - 1) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    return index;
+  if (index < 0) {
+    return screenshots[group].length - 1;
+  } else if (index > screenshots[group].length - 1) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return index;
 };
 
 const hideScreenshotOverlay = (e) => {
-    lightbox.classList.remove('show');
-    document.removeEventListener('keydown', nextScreenshotKeyboardListener);
+  lightbox.classList.remove("show");
+  document.removeEventListener("keydown", nextScreenshotKeyboardListener);
 };
 
 const nextScreenshotKeyboardListener = (e) => {
-    switch (e.keyCode) {
-        case 37:
-            previousScreenshot(e);
-            break;
-        case 39:
-            nextScreenshot(e);
-            break;
-    }
+  switch (e.keyCode) {
+    case 37:
+      previousScreenshot(e);
+      break;
+    case 39:
+      nextScreenshot(e);
+      break;
+  }
 };
 
-let currentScreenshotGroup = '';
+let currentScreenshotGroup = "";
 let currentScreenshotIndex = 0;
 let screenshots = {};
-Array.from(document.getElementsByClassName('screenshots')).forEach((sg) => {
-    const group = sg.id;
-    screenshots[group] = [...sg.querySelectorAll('a')];
-    screenshots[group].forEach((el, index) => {
-        el.onclick = (e) => { return showScreenshotOverlay(e, el, group, index); };
-    });
+Array.from(document.getElementsByClassName("screenshots")).forEach((sg) => {
+  const group = sg.id;
+  screenshots[group] = [...sg.querySelectorAll("a")];
+  screenshots[group].forEach((el, index) => {
+    el.onclick = (e) => {
+      return showScreenshotOverlay(e, el, group, index);
+    };
+  });
 });
 
 lightbox.onclick = hideScreenshotOverlay;

docs/subscribe/api.md

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ easy to use. Here's what it looks like. You may also want to check out the [full
 ### Subscribe as raw stream
 The `/raw` endpoint will output one line per message, and **will only include the message body**. It's useful for extremely
 simple scripts, and doesn't include all the data. Additional fields such as [priority](../publish.md#message-priority), 
-[tags](../publish.md#tags--emojis--) or [message title](../publish.md#message-title) are not included in this output 
+[tags](../publish.md#tags-emojis) or [message title](../publish.md#message-title) are not included in this output 
 format. Keepalive messages are sent as empty lines.
 
 === "Command line (curl)"
@@ -257,6 +257,14 @@ curl -s "ntfy.sh/mytopic/json?since=1645970742"
 curl -s "ntfy.sh/mytopic/json?since=nFS3knfcQ1xe"
 ```
 
+### Fetch latest message
+If you only want the most recent message sent to a topic and do not have a message ID or timestamp to use with
+`since=`, you can use `since=latest` to grab the most recent message from the cache for a particular topic.
+
+```
+curl -s "ntfy.sh/mytopic/json?poll=1&since=latest"
+```
+
 ### Fetch scheduled messages
 Messages that are [scheduled to be delivered](../publish.md#scheduled-delivery) at a later date are not typically 
 returned when subscribing via the API, which makes sense, because after all, the messages have technically not been 
@@ -305,7 +313,7 @@ Depending on whether the server is configured to support [access control](../con
 may be read/write protected so that only users with the correct credentials can subscribe or publish to them.
 To publish/subscribe to protected topics, you can:
 
-* Use [basic auth](../publish.md#basic-auth), e.g. `Authorization: Basic dGVzdHVzZXI6ZmFrZXBhc3N3b3Jk`
+* Use [basic auth](../publish.md#authentication), e.g. `Authorization: Basic dGVzdHVzZXI6ZmFrZXBhc3N3b3Jk`
 * or use the [`auth` query parameter](../publish.md#query-param), e.g. `?auth=QmFzaWMgZEdWemRIVnpaWEk2Wm1GclpYQmhjM04zYjNKaw`
 
 Please refer to the [publishing documentation](../publish.md#authentication) for additional details.

docs/subscribe/cli.md

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ environment variables. Here are a few examples:
 ```
 ntfy sub mytopic 'notify-send "$m"'
 ntfy sub topic1 /my/script.sh
-ntfy sub topic1 'echo "Message $m was received. Its title was $t and it had priority $p'
+ntfy sub topic1 'echo "Message $m was received. Its title was $t and it had priority $p"'
 ```
 
 <figure>
@@ -190,6 +190,10 @@ Here's an example config file that subscribes to three different topics, executi
 
 === "~/.config/ntfy/client.yml (Linux)"
     ```yaml
+    default-host: https://ntfy.sh
+    default-user: phill
+    default-password: mypass
+
     subscribe:
     - topic: echo-this
       command: 'echo "Message received: $message"'
@@ -210,9 +214,12 @@ Here's an example config file that subscribes to three different topics, executi
             fi
     ```
 
-
 === "~/Library/Application Support/ntfy/client.yml (macOS)"
     ```yaml
+    default-host: https://ntfy.sh
+    default-user: phill
+    default-password: mypass
+
     subscribe:
       - topic: echo-this
         command: 'echo "Message received: $message"'
@@ -226,6 +233,10 @@ Here's an example config file that subscribes to three different topics, executi
 
 === "%AppData%\ntfy\client.yml (Windows)"
     ```yaml
+    default-host: https://ntfy.sh
+    default-user: phill
+    default-password: mypass
+
     subscribe:
     - topic: echo-this
       command: 'echo Message received: %message%'
@@ -263,43 +274,31 @@ will be used, otherwise, the subscription settings will override the defaults.
     require authentication), be sure that the servers/topics you subscribe to use HTTPS to prevent leaking the username and password.
 
 ### Using the systemd service
-You can use the `ntfy-client` systemd service (see [ntfy-client.service](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/blob/main/client/ntfy-client.service))
-to subscribe to multiple topics just like in the example above. The service is automatically installed (but not started)
-if you install the deb/rpm package. To configure it, simply edit `/etc/ntfy/client.yml` and run `sudo systemctl restart ntfy-client`.
+You can use the `ntfy-client` systemd services to subscribe to multiple topics just like in the example above.
 
-!!! info
-    The `ntfy-client.service` runs as user `ntfy`, meaning that typical Linux permission restrictions apply. See below
-    for how to fix this.
+You have the option of either enabling `ntfy-client` as a **system service** (see [here](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/blob/main/client/ntfy-client.service))
+or **user service** (see [here](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/blob/main/client/user/ntfy-client.service)). Neither system service nor user service are enabled or started by default, so you have to do that yourself.
 
-If the service runs on your personal desktop machine, you may want to override the service user/group (`User=` and `Group=`), and 
-adjust the `DISPLAY` and `DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS` environment variables. This will allow you to run commands in your X session 
-as the primary machine user.
-
-You can either manually override these systemd service entries with `sudo systemctl edit ntfy-client`, and add this
-(assuming your user is `phil`). Don't forget to run `sudo systemctl daemon-reload` and `sudo systemctl restart ntfy-client`
-after editing the service file:
-
-=== "/etc/systemd/system/ntfy-client.service.d/override.conf"
-    ```
-    [Service]
-    User=phil
-    Group=phil
-    Environment="DISPLAY=:0" "DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/1000/bus"
-    ```
-Or you can run the following script that creates this override config for you:
+**System service:** The `ntfy-client` systemd system service runs as the `ntfy` user. When enabled, it is started at system boot. To configure it as a system
+service, edit `/etc/ntfy/client.yml` and then enable/start the service (as root), like so:
 
 ```
-sudo sh -c 'cat > /etc/systemd/system/ntfy-client.service.d/override.conf' <<EOF
-[Service]
-User=$USER
-Group=$USER
-Environment="DISPLAY=:0" "DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/$(id -u)/bus"
-EOF
-
-sudo systemctl daemon-reload
+sudo systemctl enable ntfy-client
 sudo systemctl restart ntfy-client
 ```
 
+The system service runs as user `ntfy`, meaning that typical Linux permission restrictions apply. It also means that the system service cannot run commands in your X session as the primary machine user (unlike the user service).
+
+**User service:** The `ntfy-client` user service is run when the user logs into their desktop environment. To enable/start it, edit `~/.config/ntfy/client.yml` and
+run the following commands (without sudo!):
+
+```
+systemctl --user enable ntfy-client
+systemctl --user restart ntfy-client
+```
+
+Unlike the system service, the user service can interact with the user's desktop environment, and run commands like `notify-send` to display desktop notifications.
+It can also run commands that require access to the user's home directory, such as `gnome-calculator`.
 
 ### Authentication
 Depending on whether the server is configured to support [access control](../config.md#access-control), some topics
@@ -317,7 +316,7 @@ You can either add your username and password to the configuration file:
 	   password: mypass
 	```
 
-Or with the `ntfy subscibe` command:
+Or with the `ntfy subscribe` command:
 ```
 ntfy subscribe \
   -u phil:mypass \

docs/subscribe/phone.md

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ to receive notifications directly on your phone. Just like the server, this app
 on GitHub ([Android](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-android), [iOS](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-ios)). Feel free to 
 contribute, or [build your own](../develop.md).
 
-<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.heckel.ntfy"><img src="../../static/img/badge-googleplay.png"></a>
-<a href="https://f-droid.org/en/packages/io.heckel.ntfy/"><img src="../../static/img/badge-fdroid.png"></a>
-<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ntfy/id1625396347"><img src="../../static/img/badge-appstore.png"></a>
+<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.heckel.ntfy"><img width="170" src="../../static/img/badge-googleplay.png"></a>
+<a href="https://f-droid.org/en/packages/io.heckel.ntfy/"><img width="170" src="../../static/img/badge-fdroid.png"></a>
+<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ntfy/id1625396347"><img width="150" src="../../static/img/badge-appstore.png"></a>
 
 You can get the Android app from both [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.heckel.ntfy) and 
 from [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/io.heckel.ntfy/). Both are largely identical, with the one exception that

go.mod

@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
 module heckel.io/ntfy/v2
 
-go 1.21
+go 1.24
 
-toolchain go1.21.3
+toolchain go1.24.0
 
 require (
-	cloud.google.com/go/firestore v1.15.0 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.39.1 // indirect
-	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.3.2 // indirect
-	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.4 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/firestore v1.18.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.55.0 // indirect
+	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.7 // indirect
 	github.com/emersion/go-smtp v0.18.0
-	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.3
-	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.1
-	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.22
-	github.com/olebedev/when v1.0.0
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4
-	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.27.1
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.21.0
-	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.18.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.6.0
-	golang.org/x/term v0.18.0
-	golang.org/x/time v0.5.0
-	google.golang.org/api v0.170.0
+	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.9
+	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.3
+	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.28
+	github.com/olebedev/when v1.1.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.27.7
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.33.0
+	golang.org/x/time v0.12.0
+	google.golang.org/api v0.242.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0
 )
 
@@ -30,64 +30,75 @@ replace github.com/emersion/go-smtp => github.com/emersion/go-smtp v0.17.0 // Pi
 require github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
 
 require (
-	firebase.google.com/go/v4 v4.13.0
-	github.com/SherClockHolmes/webpush-go v1.3.0
-	github.com/microcosm-cc/bluemonday v1.0.26
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.19.0
+	firebase.google.com/go/v4 v4.17.0
+	github.com/SherClockHolmes/webpush-go v1.4.0
+	github.com/microcosm-cc/bluemonday v1.0.27
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0
 	github.com/stripe/stripe-go/v74 v74.30.0
-	github.com/tidwall/gjson v1.17.1
+	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0
 )
 
 require (
-	cloud.google.com/go v0.112.1 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.25.1 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.2.3 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.1.7 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.5.6 // indirect
+	cel.dev/expr v0.24.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.7.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.5.2 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.6.7 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/monitoring v1.24.2 // indirect
 	github.com/AlekSi/pointer v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/detectors/gcp v1.29.0 // indirect
+	github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/exporter/metric v0.53.0 // indirect
+	github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/internal/resourcemapping v0.53.0 // indirect
 	github.com/MicahParks/keyfunc v1.9.0 // indirect
 	github.com/aymerick/douceur v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/emersion/go-sasl v0.0.0-20231106173351-e73c9f7bad43 // indirect
+	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20250501225837-2ac532fd4443 // indirect
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
+	github.com/emersion/go-sasl v0.0.0-20241020182733-b788ff22d5a6 // indirect
+	github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy v1.32.4 // indirect
+	github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
-	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
-	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt v3.2.2+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.0 // indirect
-	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da // indirect
+	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.2 // indirect
+	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.3 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
-	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.7 // indirect
+	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.9 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.2 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.12.3 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.6 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.15.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gorilla/css v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.50.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.13.0 // indirect
+	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
+	github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf v0.6.1-0.20240319094008-0393e58bdf10 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.65.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.17.0 // indirect
 	github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0 // indirect
-	github.com/tidwall/match v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/tidwall/pretty v1.2.1 // indirect
-	github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20240312152122-5f08fbb34913 // indirect
-	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.49.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.49.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.24.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.24.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.24.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.22.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.18.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.14.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.8 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/appengine/v2 v2.0.5 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240318140521-94a12d6c2237 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240318140521-94a12d6c2237 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240318140521-94a12d6c2237 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.62.1 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.33.0 // indirect
+	github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2 v2.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2 // indirect
+	github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20250705151800-55b8f293f342 // indirect
+	github.com/zeebo/errs v1.4.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/detectors/gcp v1.37.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.62.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.62.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.37.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.37.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.37.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/appengine/v2 v2.0.6 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,214 +1,219 @@
-cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.112.1 h1:uJSeirPke5UNZHIb4SxfZklVSiWWVqW4oXlETwZziwM=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.112.1/go.mod h1:+Vbu+Y1UU+I1rjmzeMOb/8RfkKJK2Gyxi1X6jJCZLo4=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.25.1 h1:ZRpHJedLtTpKgr3RV1Fx23NuaAEN1Zfx9hw1u4aJdjU=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.25.1/go.mod h1:oopOIR53ly6viBYxaDhBfJwzUAxf1zE//uf3IB011ls=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.2.3 h1:mg4jlk7mCAj6xXp9UJ4fjI9VUI5rubuGBW5aJ7UnBMY=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.2.3/go.mod h1:VAV5nSsACxMJvgaAuX6Pk2AawlZn8kiOGuCv6gTkwuA=
-cloud.google.com/go/firestore v1.15.0 h1:/k8ppuWOtNuDHt2tsRV42yI21uaGnKDEQnRFeBpbFF8=
-cloud.google.com/go/firestore v1.15.0/go.mod h1:GWOxFXcv8GZUtYpWHw/w6IuYNux/BtmeVTMmjrm4yhk=
-cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.1.7 h1:z4VHOhwKLF/+UYXAJDFwGtNF0b6gjsW1Pk9Ml0U/IoM=
-cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.1.7/go.mod h1:J4PMPg8TtyurAUvSmPj8FF3EDgY1SPRZxcUGrn7WXGA=
-cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.5.6 h1:xAe8+0YaWoCKr9t1+aWe+OeQgN/iJK1fEgZSXmjuEaE=
-cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.5.6/go.mod h1:vUaDrWYOMKRuhiv6JBnn49YxCPz2Ayn9GqyjaBT8/mA=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.39.1 h1:MvraqHKhogCOTXTlct/9C3K3+Uy2jBmFYb3/Sp6dVtY=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.39.1/go.mod h1:xK6xZmxZmo+fyP7+DEF6FhNc24/JAe95OLyOHCXFH1o=
-firebase.google.com/go/v4 v4.13.0 h1:meFz9nvDNh/FDyrEykoAzSfComcQbmnQSjoHrePRqeI=
-firebase.google.com/go/v4 v4.13.0/go.mod h1:e1/gaR6EnbQfsmTnAMx1hnz+ninJIrrr/RAh59Tpfn8=
+cel.dev/expr v0.24.0 h1:56OvJKSH3hDGL0ml5uSxZmz3/3Pq4tJ+fb1unVLAFcY=
+cel.dev/expr v0.24.0/go.mod h1:hLPLo1W4QUmuYdA72RBX06QTs6MXw941piREPl3Yfiw=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4 h1:cVvUiY0sX0xwyxPwdSU2KsF9knOVmtRyAMt8xou0iTs=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4/go.mod h1:XEBchUiHFJbz4lKBZwYBDHV/rSyfFktk737TLDU089s=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3 h1:kabzoQ9/bobUmnseYnBO6qQG7q4a/CffFRlJSxv2wCc=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3/go.mod h1:NucRGjaXfzP1ltpcQ7On/VTZ0H4kWB5Jy+Y9Dnm76fA=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 h1:keo8NaayQZ6wimpNSmW5OPc283g65QNIiLpZnkHRbnc=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8/go.mod h1:XQ9y31RkqZCcwJWNSx2Xvric3RrU88hAYYbjDWYDL+c=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.7.0 h1:PBWF+iiAerVNe8UCHxdOt6eHLVc3ydFeOCw78U8ytSU=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.7.0/go.mod h1:j5MvL9PprKL39t166CoB1uVHfQMs4tFQZZcKwksXUjo=
+cloud.google.com/go/firestore v1.18.0 h1:cuydCaLS7Vl2SatAeivXyhbhDEIR8BDmtn4egDhIn2s=
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@@ -216,14 +221,23 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220520151302-bc2c85ada10a/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
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@@ -231,60 +245,38 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
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 golang.org/x/tools v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Xwgl3UAJ/d3gWutnCtw505GrjyAbvKui8lOU390QaIU=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.13.0/go.mod h1:HvlwmtVNQAhOuCjW7xxvovg8wbNq7LwfXh/k7wXUl58=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d/go.mod h1:aiJjzUbINMkxbQROHiO6hDPo2LHcIPhhQsa9DLh0yGk=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
-golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20231012003039-104605ab7028 h1:+cNy6SZtPcJQH3LJVLOSmiC7MMxXNOb3PU/VUEz+EhU=
-golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20231012003039-104605ab7028/go.mod h1:NDW/Ps6MPRej6fsCIbMTohpP40sJ/P/vI1MoTEGwX90=
-google.golang.org/api v0.170.0 h1:zMaruDePM88zxZBG+NG8+reALO2rfLhe/JShitLyT48=
-google.golang.org/api v0.170.0/go.mod h1:/xql9M2btF85xac/VAm4PsLMTLVGUOpq4BE9R8jyNy8=
-google.golang.org/appengine v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EbEs0AVv82hx2wNQdGPgUI5lhzA/G0D9YwlJXL52JkM=
-google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
-google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.8 h1:IhEN5q69dyKagZPYMSdIjS2HqprW324FRQZJcGqPAsM=
-google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.8/go.mod h1:1jJ3jBArFh5pcgW8gCtRJnepW8FzD1V44FJffLiz/Ds=
-google.golang.org/appengine/v2 v2.0.5 h1:4C+F3Cd3L2nWEfSmFEZDPjQvDwL8T0YCeZBysZifP3k=
-google.golang.org/appengine/v2 v2.0.5/go.mod h1:WoEXGoXNfa0mLvaH5sV3ZSGXwVmy8yf7Z1JKf3J3wLI=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20180817151627-c66870c02cf8/go.mod h1:JiN7NxoALGmiZfu7CAH4rXhgtRTLTxftemlI0sWmxmc=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190819201941-24fa4b261c55/go.mod h1:DMBHOl98Agz4BDEuKkezgsaosCRResVns1a3J2ZsMNc=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200526211855-cb27e3aa2013/go.mod h1:NbSheEEYHJ7i3ixzK3sjbqSGDJWnxyFXZblF3eUsNvo=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240318140521-94a12d6c2237 h1:PgNlNSx2Nq2/j4juYzQBG0/Zdr+WP4z5N01Vk4VYBCY=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240318140521-94a12d6c2237/go.mod h1:9sVD8c25Af3p0rGs7S7LLsxWKFiJt/65LdSyqXBkX/Y=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240318140521-94a12d6c2237 h1:RFiFrvy37/mpSpdySBDrUdipW/dHwsRwh3J3+A9VgT4=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240318140521-94a12d6c2237/go.mod h1:Z5Iiy3jtmioajWHDGFk7CeugTyHtPvMHA4UTmUkyalE=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240318140521-94a12d6c2237 h1:NnYq6UN9ReLM9/Y01KWNOWyI5xQ9kbIms5GGJVwS/Yc=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240318140521-94a12d6c2237/go.mod h1:WtryC6hu0hhx87FDGxWCDptyssuo68sk10vYjF+T9fY=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.19.0/go.mod h1:mqu4LbDTu4XGKhr4mRzUsmM4RtVoemTSY81AxZiDr8c=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.23.0/go.mod h1:Y5yQAOtifL1yxbo5wqy6BxZv8vAUGQwXBOALyacEbxg=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.25.1/go.mod h1:c3i+UQWmh7LiEpx4sFZnkU36qjEYZ0imhYfXVyQciAY=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.27.0/go.mod h1:qbnxyOmOxrQa7FizSgH+ReBfzJrCY1pSN7KXBS8abTk=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.33.2/go.mod h1:JMHMWHQWaTccqQQlmk3MJZS+GWXOdAesneDmEnv2fbc=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.62.1 h1:B4n+nfKzOICUXMgyrNd19h/I9oH0L1pizfk1d4zSgTk=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.62.1/go.mod h1:IWTG0VlJLCh1SkC58F7np9ka9mx/WNkjl4PGJaiq+QE=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200109180630-ec00e32a8dfd/go.mod h1:DFci5gLYBciE7Vtevhsrf46CRTquxDuWsQurQQe4oz8=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200221191635-4d8936d0db64/go.mod h1:kwYJMbMJ01Woi6D6+Kah6886xMZcty6N08ah7+eCXa0=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200228230310-ab0ca4ff8a60/go.mod h1:cfTl7dwQJ+fmap5saPgwCLgHXTUD7jkjRqWcaiX5VyM=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.20.1-0.20200309200217-e05f789c0967/go.mod h1:A+miEFZTKqfCUM6K7xSMQL9OKL/b6hQv+e19PK+JZNE=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.21.0/go.mod h1:47Nbq4nVaFHyn7ilMalzfO3qCViNmqZ2kzikPIcrTAo=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.22.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.1-0.20200526195155-81db48ad09cc/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0/go.mod h1:9JNX74DMeImyA3h4bdi1ymwjUzf21/xIlbajtzgsN7c=
+google.golang.org/api v0.242.0 h1:7Lnb1nfnpvbkCiZek6IXKdJ0MFuAZNAJKQfA1ws62xg=
+google.golang.org/api v0.242.0/go.mod h1:cOVEm2TpdAGHL2z+UwyS+kmlGr3bVWQQ6sYEqkKje50=
+google.golang.org/appengine/v2 v2.0.6 h1:LvPZLGuchSBslPBp+LAhihBeGSiRh1myRoYK4NtuBIw=
+google.golang.org/appengine/v2 v2.0.6/go.mod h1:WoEXGoXNfa0mLvaH5sV3ZSGXwVmy8yf7Z1JKf3J3wLI=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79 h1:Nt6z9UHqSlIdIGJdz6KhTIs2VRx/iOsA5iE8bmQNcxs=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79/go.mod h1:kTmlBHMPqR5uCZPBvwa2B18mvubkjyY3CRLI0c6fj0s=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79 h1:iOye66xuaAK0WnkPuhQPUFy8eJcmwUXqGGP3om6IxX8=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79/go.mod h1:HKJDgKsFUnv5VAGeQjz8kxcgDP0HoE0iZNp0OdZNlhE=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79 h1:1ZwqphdOdWYXsUHgMpU/101nCtf/kSp9hOrcvFsnl10=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250715232539-7130f93afb79/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0 h1:VIWSmpI2MegBtTuFt5/JWy2oXxtjJ/e89Z70ImfD2ok=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0/go.mod h1:50sbHOUqWoCQGI8V2HQLJM0B+LMlIUjNSZmow7EVBQc=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:jlhhOSvTdKEhbULTjvd4ARK9grFBp09yW+WbY/TyQbw=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0/go.mod h1:9q0QmTI4eRPtz6boOQmLYwt+qCgq0jsYwAQnmE0givc=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.30.0/go.mod h1:HV8QOd/L58Z+nl8r43ehVNZIU/HEI6OcFqwMG9pJV4I=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.33.0 h1:uNO2rsAINq/JlFpSdYEKIZ0uKD/R9cpdv0T+yoGwGmI=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.33.0/go.mod h1:c6P6GXX6sHbq/GpV6MGZEdwhWPcYBgnhAHhKbcUYpos=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 h1:z1NpPI8ku2WgiWnf+t9wTPsn6eP1L7ksHUlkfLvd9xY=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
@@ -293,5 +285,3 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=

log/log.go

@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ func (w *peekLogWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	if len(p) == 0 || p[0] == '{' || CurrentFormat() == TextFormat {
 		return w.w.Write(p)
 	}
-	m := newEvent().Tag(tagStdLog).Render(InfoLevel, strings.TrimSpace(string(p)))
+	m := newEvent().Tag(tagStdLog).Render(InfoLevel, "%s", strings.TrimSpace(string(p)))
 	if m == "" {
 		return 0, nil
 	}

main.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ If you want to chat, simply join the Discord server (https://discord.gg/cT7ECsZj
 the Matrix room (https://matrix.to/#/#ntfy:matrix.org).
 
 ntfy %s (%s), runtime %s, built at %s
-Copyright (C) 2022 Philipp C. Heckel, licensed under Apache License 2.0 & GPLv2
+Copyright (C) Philipp C. Heckel, licensed under Apache License 2.0 & GPLv2
 `, version, commit[:7], runtime.Version(), date)
 
 	app := cmd.New()

mkdocs.yml

@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ nav:
       - "Integrations + projects": integrations.md
       - "Release notes": releases.md
       - "Emojis 🥳 🎉": emojis.md
+      - "Template functions": publish/template-functions.md
       - "Troubleshooting": troubleshooting.md
       - "Known issues": known-issues.md
       - "Deprecation notices": deprecations.md

scripts/postinst.sh

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ if [ "$1" = "configure" ] || [ "$1" -ge 1 ]; then
       fi
     fi
     if systemctl is-active -q ntfy-client.service; then
-      echo "Restarting ntfy-client.service ..."
+      echo "Restarting ntfy-client.service (system) ..."
       if [ -x /usr/bin/deb-systemd-invoke ]; then
         deb-systemd-invoke try-restart ntfy-client.service >/dev/null || true
       else

server/config.go

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import (
 // Defines default config settings (excluding limits, see below)
 const (
 	DefaultListenHTTP                           = ":80"
+	DefaultConfigFile                           = "/etc/ntfy/server.yml"
+	DefaultTemplateDir                          = "/etc/ntfy/templates"
 	DefaultCacheDuration                        = 12 * time.Hour
 	DefaultCacheBatchTimeout                    = time.Duration(0)
 	DefaultKeepaliveInterval                    = 45 * time.Second // Not too frequently to save battery (Android read timeout used to be 77s!)
@@ -26,8 +28,8 @@ const (
 
 // Defines default Web Push settings
 const (
-	DefaultWebPushExpiryWarningDuration = 7 * 24 * time.Hour
-	DefaultWebPushExpiryDuration        = 9 * 24 * time.Hour
+	DefaultWebPushExpiryWarningDuration = 55 * 24 * time.Hour
+	DefaultWebPushExpiryDuration        = 60 * 24 * time.Hour
 )
 
 // Defines all global and per-visitor limits
@@ -61,6 +63,8 @@ const (
 	DefaultVisitorAuthFailureLimitReplenish     = time.Minute
 	DefaultVisitorAttachmentTotalSizeLimit      = 100 * 1024 * 1024 // 100 MB
 	DefaultVisitorAttachmentDailyBandwidthLimit = 500 * 1024 * 1024 // 500 MB
+	DefaultVisitorPrefixBitsIPv4                = 32                // Use the entire IPv4 address for rate limiting
+	DefaultVisitorPrefixBitsIPv6                = 64                // Use /64 for IPv6 rate limiting
 )
 
 var (
@@ -91,12 +95,15 @@ type Config struct {
 	AuthFile                             string
 	AuthStartupQueries                   string
 	AuthDefault                          user.Permission
+	AuthProvisionedUsers                 []*user.User
+	AuthProvisionedAccess                map[string][]*user.Grant
 	AuthBcryptCost                       int
 	AuthStatsQueueWriterInterval         time.Duration
 	AttachmentCacheDir                   string
 	AttachmentTotalSizeLimit             int64
 	AttachmentFileSizeLimit              int64
 	AttachmentExpiryDuration             time.Duration
+	TemplateDir                          string // Directory to load named templates from
 	KeepaliveInterval                    time.Duration
 	ManagerInterval                      time.Duration
 	DisallowedTopics                     []string
@@ -133,7 +140,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	VisitorAttachmentDailyBandwidthLimit int64
 	VisitorRequestLimitBurst             int
 	VisitorRequestLimitReplenish         time.Duration
-	VisitorRequestExemptIPAddrs          []netip.Prefix
+	VisitorRequestExemptPrefixes         []netip.Prefix
 	VisitorMessageDailyLimit             int
 	VisitorEmailLimitBurst               int
 	VisitorEmailLimitReplenish           time.Duration
@@ -141,9 +148,13 @@ type Config struct {
 	VisitorAccountCreationLimitReplenish time.Duration
 	VisitorAuthFailureLimitBurst         int
 	VisitorAuthFailureLimitReplenish     time.Duration
-	VisitorStatsResetTime                time.Time // Time of the day at which to reset visitor stats
-	VisitorSubscriberRateLimiting        bool      // Enable subscriber-based rate limiting for UnifiedPush topics
-	BehindProxy                          bool
+	VisitorStatsResetTime                time.Time      // Time of the day at which to reset visitor stats
+	VisitorSubscriberRateLimiting        bool           // Enable subscriber-based rate limiting for UnifiedPush topics
+	VisitorPrefixBitsIPv4                int            // Number of bits for IPv4 rate limiting (default: 32)
+	VisitorPrefixBitsIPv6                int            // Number of bits for IPv6 rate limiting (default: 64)
+	BehindProxy                          bool           // If true, the server will trust the proxy client IP header to determine the client IP address (IPv4 and IPv6 supported)
+	ProxyForwardedHeader                 string         // The header field to read the real/client IP address from, if BehindProxy is true, defaults to "X-Forwarded-For" (IPv4 and IPv6 supported)
+	ProxyTrustedPrefixes                 []netip.Prefix // List of trusted proxy networks (IPv4 or IPv6) that will be stripped from the Forwarded header if BehindProxy is true
 	StripeSecretKey                      string
 	StripeWebhookKey                     string
 	StripePriceCacheDuration             time.Duration
@@ -153,7 +164,6 @@ type Config struct {
 	EnableReservations                   bool // Allow users with role "user" to own/reserve topics
 	EnableMetrics                        bool
 	AccessControlAllowOrigin             string // CORS header field to restrict access from web clients
-	Version                              string // injected by App
 	WebPushPrivateKey                    string
 	WebPushPublicKey                     string
 	WebPushFile                          string
@@ -161,12 +171,13 @@ type Config struct {
 	WebPushStartupQueries                string
 	WebPushExpiryDuration                time.Duration
 	WebPushExpiryWarningDuration         time.Duration
+	Version                              string // injected by App
 }
 
 // NewConfig instantiates a default new server config
 func NewConfig() *Config {
 	return &Config{
-		File:                                 "", // Only used for testing
+		File:                                 DefaultConfigFile, // Only used for testing
 		BaseURL:                              "",
 		ListenHTTP:                           DefaultListenHTTP,
 		ListenHTTPS:                          "",
@@ -189,6 +200,7 @@ func NewConfig() *Config {
 		AttachmentTotalSizeLimit:             DefaultAttachmentTotalSizeLimit,
 		AttachmentFileSizeLimit:              DefaultAttachmentFileSizeLimit,
 		AttachmentExpiryDuration:             DefaultAttachmentExpiryDuration,
+		TemplateDir:                          DefaultTemplateDir,
 		KeepaliveInterval:                    DefaultKeepaliveInterval,
 		ManagerInterval:                      DefaultManagerInterval,
 		DisallowedTopics:                     DefaultDisallowedTopics,
@@ -218,11 +230,12 @@ func NewConfig() *Config {
 		TotalTopicLimit:                      DefaultTotalTopicLimit,
 		TotalAttachmentSizeLimit:             0,
 		VisitorSubscriptionLimit:             DefaultVisitorSubscriptionLimit,
+		VisitorSubscriberRateLimiting:        false,
 		VisitorAttachmentTotalSizeLimit:      DefaultVisitorAttachmentTotalSizeLimit,
 		VisitorAttachmentDailyBandwidthLimit: DefaultVisitorAttachmentDailyBandwidthLimit,
 		VisitorRequestLimitBurst:             DefaultVisitorRequestLimitBurst,
 		VisitorRequestLimitReplenish:         DefaultVisitorRequestLimitReplenish,
-		VisitorRequestExemptIPAddrs:          make([]netip.Prefix, 0),
+		VisitorRequestExemptPrefixes:         make([]netip.Prefix, 0),
 		VisitorMessageDailyLimit:             DefaultVisitorMessageDailyLimit,
 		VisitorEmailLimitBurst:               DefaultVisitorEmailLimitBurst,
 		VisitorEmailLimitReplenish:           DefaultVisitorEmailLimitReplenish,
@@ -231,8 +244,10 @@ func NewConfig() *Config {
 		VisitorAuthFailureLimitBurst:         DefaultVisitorAuthFailureLimitBurst,
 		VisitorAuthFailureLimitReplenish:     DefaultVisitorAuthFailureLimitReplenish,
 		VisitorStatsResetTime:                DefaultVisitorStatsResetTime,
-		VisitorSubscriberRateLimiting:        false,
-		BehindProxy:                          false,
+		VisitorPrefixBitsIPv4:                DefaultVisitorPrefixBitsIPv4, // Default: use full IPv4 address
+		VisitorPrefixBitsIPv6:                DefaultVisitorPrefixBitsIPv6, // Default: use /64 for IPv6
+		BehindProxy:                          false,                        // If true, the server will trust the proxy client IP header to determine the client IP address
+		ProxyForwardedHeader:                 "X-Forwarded-For",            // Default header for reverse proxy client IPs
 		StripeSecretKey:                      "",
 		StripeWebhookKey:                     "",
 		StripePriceCacheDuration:             DefaultStripePriceCacheDuration,

server/errors.go

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ var (
 	errHTTPBadRequestSinceInvalid                    = &errHTTP{40008, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid since parameter", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/subscribe/api/#fetch-cached-messages", nil}
 	errHTTPBadRequestTopicInvalid                    = &errHTTP{40009, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: topic invalid", "", nil}
 	errHTTPBadRequestTopicDisallowed                 = &errHTTP{40010, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: topic name is not allowed", "", nil}
-	errHTTPBadRequestMessageNotUTF8                  = &errHTTP{40011, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid message: message must be UTF-8 encoded", "", nil}
+	errHTTPBadRequestMessageNotUTF8                  = &errHTTP{40011, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: message must be UTF-8 encoded", "", nil}
 	errHTTPBadRequestAttachmentURLInvalid            = &errHTTP{40013, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: attachment URL is invalid", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#attachments", nil}
 	errHTTPBadRequestAttachmentsDisallowed           = &errHTTP{40014, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: attachments not allowed", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/config/#attachments", nil}
 	errHTTPBadRequestAttachmentsExpiryBeforeDelivery = &errHTTP{40015, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: attachment expiry before delayed delivery date", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#scheduled-delivery", nil}
@@ -113,12 +113,18 @@ var (
 	errHTTPBadRequestPhoneNumberNotVerified          = &errHTTP{40034, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: phone number not verified, or no matching verified numbers found", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#phone-calls", nil}
 	errHTTPBadRequestAnonymousCallsNotAllowed        = &errHTTP{40035, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: anonymous phone calls are not allowed", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#phone-calls", nil}
 	errHTTPBadRequestPhoneNumberVerifyChannelInvalid = &errHTTP{40036, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: verification channel must be 'sms' or 'call'", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#phone-calls", nil}
-	errHTTPBadRequestDelayNoCall                     = &errHTTP{40037, http.StatusBadRequest, "delayed call notifications are not supported", "", nil}
+	errHTTPBadRequestDelayNoCall                     = &errHTTP{40037, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: delayed call notifications are not supported", "", nil}
 	errHTTPBadRequestWebPushSubscriptionInvalid      = &errHTTP{40038, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: web push payload malformed", "", nil}
 	errHTTPBadRequestWebPushEndpointUnknown          = &errHTTP{40039, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: web push endpoint unknown", "", nil}
 	errHTTPBadRequestWebPushTopicCountTooHigh        = &errHTTP{40040, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: too many web push topic subscriptions", "", nil}
-	errHTTPBadRequestTemplatedMessageTooLarge        = &errHTTP{40041, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: message or title is too large after replacing template", "", nil}
-	errHTTPBadRequestTemplatedMessageNotJSON         = &errHTTP{40042, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: message body must be JSON if templating is enabled", "", nil}
+	errHTTPBadRequestTemplateMessageTooLarge         = &errHTTP{40041, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: message or title is too large after replacing template", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#message-templating", nil}
+	errHTTPBadRequestTemplateMessageNotJSON          = &errHTTP{40042, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: message body must be JSON if templating is enabled", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#message-templating", nil}
+	errHTTPBadRequestTemplateInvalid                 = &errHTTP{40043, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: could not parse template", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#message-templating", nil}
+	errHTTPBadRequestTemplateDisallowedFunctionCalls = &errHTTP{40044, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: template contains disallowed function calls, e.g. template, call, or define", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#message-templating", nil}
+	errHTTPBadRequestTemplateExecuteFailed           = &errHTTP{40045, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: template execution failed", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#message-templating", nil}
+	errHTTPBadRequestInvalidUsername                 = &errHTTP{40046, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: invalid username", "", nil}
+	errHTTPBadRequestTemplateFileNotFound            = &errHTTP{40047, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: template file not found", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#message-templating", nil}
+	errHTTPBadRequestTemplateFileInvalid             = &errHTTP{40048, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid request: template file invalid", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#message-templating", nil}
 	errHTTPNotFound                                  = &errHTTP{40401, http.StatusNotFound, "page not found", "", nil}
 	errHTTPUnauthorized                              = &errHTTP{40101, http.StatusUnauthorized, "unauthorized", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#authentication", nil}
 	errHTTPForbidden                                 = &errHTTP{40301, http.StatusForbidden, "forbidden", "https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#authentication", nil}

server/message_cache.go

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
+	"net/url"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
@@ -63,6 +65,10 @@ const (
 		INSERT INTO stats (key, value) VALUES ('messages', 0);
 		COMMIT;
 	`
+	builtinMessageCacheStartupQueries = `
+		PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;
+		PRAGMA busy_timeout = 50000; -- Wait up to 5 seconds for a lock to be released		       
+	`
 	insertMessageQuery = `
 		INSERT INTO messages (mid, time, expires, topic, message, title, priority, tags, click, icon, actions, attachment_name, attachment_type, attachment_size, attachment_expires, attachment_url, attachment_deleted, sender, user, content_type, encoding, published)
 		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
@@ -99,6 +105,13 @@ const (
 		WHERE topic = ? AND (id > ? OR published = 0)
 		ORDER BY time, id
 	`
+	selectMessagesLatestQuery = `
+		SELECT mid, time, expires, topic, message, title, priority, tags, click, icon, actions, attachment_name, attachment_type, attachment_size, attachment_expires, attachment_url, sender, user, content_type, encoding
+		FROM messages
+		WHERE topic = ? AND published = 1
+		ORDER BY time DESC, id DESC
+		LIMIT 1
+  `
 	selectMessagesDueQuery = `
 		SELECT mid, time, expires, topic, message, title, priority, tags, click, icon, actions, attachment_name, attachment_type, attachment_size, attachment_expires, attachment_url, sender, user, content_type, encoding
 		FROM messages 
@@ -122,7 +135,7 @@ const (
 
 // Schema management queries
 const (
-	currentSchemaVersion          = 12
+	currentSchemaVersion          = 13
 	createSchemaVersionTableQuery = `
 		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schemaVersion (
 			id INT PRIMARY KEY,
@@ -246,6 +259,11 @@ const (
 	migrate11To12AlterMessagesTableQuery = `
 		ALTER TABLE messages ADD COLUMN content_type TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT('');
 	`
+
+	// 12 -> 13
+	migrate12To13AlterMessagesTableQuery = `
+		CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_topic ON messages (topic);
+	`
 )
 
 var (
@@ -262,6 +280,7 @@ var (
 		9:  migrateFrom9,
 		10: migrateFrom10,
 		11: migrateFrom11,
+		12: migrateFrom12,
 	}
 )
 
@@ -273,7 +292,18 @@ type messageCache struct {
 
 // newSqliteCache creates a SQLite file-backed cache
 func newSqliteCache(filename, startupQueries string, cacheDuration time.Duration, batchSize int, batchTimeout time.Duration, nop bool) (*messageCache, error) {
-	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filename)
+	// Parse the filename
+	file, datasource, err := parseSqliteFile(filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse cache database filename %s: %w", filename, err)
+	}
+	// Check the parent directory of the database file (makes for friendly error messages)
+	parentDir := filepath.Dir(filename)
+	if !util.FileExists(parentDir) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cache database directory %s does not exist or is not accessible", parentDir)
+	}
+	// Open database
+	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", fmt.Sprintf("file:%s?_busy_timeout=50000", filename))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -410,6 +440,8 @@ func (c *messageCache) addMessages(ms []*message) error {
 func (c *messageCache) Messages(topic string, since sinceMarker, scheduled bool) ([]*message, error) {
 	if since.IsNone() {
 		return make([]*message, 0), nil
+	} else if since.IsLatest() {
+		return c.messagesLatest(topic)
 	} else if since.IsID() {
 		return c.messagesSinceID(topic, since, scheduled)
 	}
@@ -456,6 +488,14 @@ func (c *messageCache) messagesSinceID(topic string, since sinceMarker, schedule
 	return readMessages(rows)
 }
 
+func (c *messageCache) messagesLatest(topic string) ([]*message, error) {
+	rows, err := c.db.Query(selectMessagesLatestQuery, topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return readMessages(rows)
+}
+
 func (c *messageCache) MessagesDue() ([]*message, error) {
 	rows, err := c.db.Query(selectMessagesDueQuery, time.Now().Unix())
 	if err != nil {
@@ -759,8 +799,21 @@ func (c *messageCache) Close() error {
 	return c.db.Close()
 }
 
+func parseSqliteFile(filename string) (file string, datasource string, err error) {
+	f, err := url.Parse(filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("cannot parse cache database filename %s: %w", filename, err)
+	} else if f.Scheme != "file" {
+		return f.Path, filename, nil
+	}
+	return filename, filename, nil
+}
+
 func setupMessagesDB(db *sql.DB, startupQueries string, cacheDuration time.Duration) error {
 	// Run startup queries
+	if _, err := db.Exec(builtinMessageCacheStartupQueries); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	if startupQueries != "" {
 		if _, err := db.Exec(startupQueries); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -970,3 +1023,19 @@ func migrateFrom11(db *sql.DB, _ time.Duration) error {
 	}
 	return tx.Commit()
 }
+
+func migrateFrom12(db *sql.DB, _ time.Duration) error {
+	log.Tag(tagMessageCache).Info("Migrating cache database schema: from 12 to 13")
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(migrate12To13AlterMessagesTableQuery); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(updateSchemaVersion, 13); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}

server/message_cache_test.go

@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@ package server
 import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"fmt"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"net/netip"
+	"net/url"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -67,6 +69,11 @@ func testCacheMessages(t *testing.T, c *messageCache) {
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(messages))
 	require.Equal(t, "my other message", messages[0].Message)
 
+	// mytopic: latest
+	messages, _ = c.Messages("mytopic", sinceLatestMessage, false)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(messages))
+	require.Equal(t, "my other message", messages[0].Message)
+
 	// example: count
 	counts, err = c.MessageCounts()
 	require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -86,6 +93,26 @@ func testCacheMessages(t *testing.T, c *messageCache) {
 	require.Empty(t, messages)
 }
 
+func TestSqliteCache_MessagesLock(t *testing.T) {
+	testCacheMessagesLock(t, newSqliteTestCache(t))
+}
+
+func TestMemCache_MessagesLock(t *testing.T) {
+	testCacheMessagesLock(t, newMemTestCache(t))
+}
+
+func testCacheMessagesLock(t *testing.T, c *messageCache) {
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for i := 0; i < 3000; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			assert.Nil(t, c.AddMessage(newDefaultMessage("mytopic", "test message")))
+			wg.Done()
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
 func TestSqliteCache_MessagesScheduled(t *testing.T) {
 	testCacheMessagesScheduled(t, newSqliteTestCache(t))
 }
@@ -509,6 +536,14 @@ func TestSqliteCache_Migration_From1(t *testing.T) {
 	messages, err = c.Messages("mytopic", sinceAllMessages, true)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 11, len(messages))
+
+	// Check that index "idx_topic" exists
+	rows, err := c.db.Query(`SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='index' AND name='idx_topic'`)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.True(t, rows.Next())
+	var indexName string
+	require.Nil(t, rows.Scan(&indexName))
+	require.Equal(t, "idx_topic", indexName)
 }
 
 func TestSqliteCache_Migration_From9(t *testing.T) {
@@ -673,17 +708,46 @@ func checkSchemaVersion(t *testing.T, db *sql.DB) {
 	require.Nil(t, rows.Close())
 }
 
+func TestURL(t *testing.T) {
+	u, _ := url.Parse("file:mem?_busy_timeout=1000&_journal_mode=WAL&_synchronous=normal&_temp_store=memory")
+	fmt.Printf("opaque: %+v\n", u.Opaque)
+	fmt.Printf("scheme: %+v\n", u.Scheme)
+	fmt.Printf("host: %+v\n", u.Host)
+	fmt.Printf("path: %+v\n", u.Path)
+	fmt.Printf("raw path: %+v\n", u.RawPath)
+	fmt.Printf("raw query: %+v\n", u.RawQuery)
+	fmt.Printf("query: %+v\n", u.Query())
+	fmt.Println("----------")
+	u, _ = url.Parse("myfile.db")
+	fmt.Printf("opaque: %+v\n", u.Opaque)
+	fmt.Printf("scheme: %+v\n", u.Scheme)
+	fmt.Printf("host: %+v\n", u.Host)
+	fmt.Printf("path: %+v\n", u.Path)
+	fmt.Printf("raw path: %+v\n", u.RawPath)
+	fmt.Printf("raw query: %+v\n", u.RawQuery)
+	fmt.Printf("query: %+v\n", u.Query())
+	fmt.Println("----------")
+	u, _ = url.Parse("htttps://abc.com/myfile.db")
+	fmt.Printf("opaque: %+v\n", u.Opaque)
+	fmt.Printf("scheme: %+v\n", u.Scheme)
+	fmt.Printf("host: %+v\n", u.Host)
+	fmt.Printf("path: %+v\n", u.Path)
+	fmt.Printf("raw path: %+v\n", u.RawPath)
+	fmt.Printf("raw query: %+v\n", u.RawQuery)
+	fmt.Printf("query: %+v\n", u.Query())
+
+}
 func TestMemCache_NopCache(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := newNopCache()
-	assert.Nil(t, c.AddMessage(newDefaultMessage("mytopic", "my message")))
+	require.Nil(t, c.AddMessage(newDefaultMessage("mytopic", "my message")))
 
 	messages, err := c.Messages("mytopic", sinceAllMessages, false)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, messages)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Empty(t, messages)
 
 	topics, err := c.Topics()
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, topics)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Empty(t, topics)
 }
 
 func newSqliteTestCache(t *testing.T) *messageCache {
@@ -700,16 +764,12 @@ func newSqliteTestCacheFile(t *testing.T) string {
 
 func newSqliteTestCacheFromFile(t *testing.T, filename, startupQueries string) *messageCache {
 	c, err := newSqliteCache(filename, startupQueries, time.Hour, 0, 0, false)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
+	require.Nil(t, err)
 	return c
 }
 
 func newMemTestCache(t *testing.T) *messageCache {
 	c, err := newMemCache()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
+	require.Nil(t, err)
 	return c
 }

server/server.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
@@ -23,17 +24,18 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"text/template"
 	"time"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
 	"github.com/emersion/go-smtp"
 	"github.com/gorilla/websocket"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp"
-	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/log"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util/sprig"
 )
 
 // Server is the main server, providing the UI and API for ntfy
@@ -110,8 +112,6 @@ var (
 	fileRegex                                            = regexp.MustCompile(`^/file/([-_A-Za-z0-9]{1,64})(?:\.[A-Za-z0-9]{1,16})?$`)
 	urlRegex                                             = regexp.MustCompile(`^https?://`)
 	phoneNumberRegex                                     = regexp.MustCompile(`^\+\d{1,100}$`)
-	templateVarRegex                                     = regexp.MustCompile(`\${([^}]+)}`)
-	templateVarFormat                                    = "${%s}"
 
 	//go:embed site
 	webFs       embed.FS
@@ -122,6 +122,15 @@ var (
 	//go:embed docs
 	docsStaticFs     embed.FS
 	docsStaticCached = &util.CachingEmbedFS{ModTime: time.Now(), FS: docsStaticFs}
+
+	//go:embed templates
+	templatesFs  embed.FS // Contains template config files (e.g. grafana.yml, github.yml, ...)
+	templatesDir = "templates"
+
+	// templateDisallowedRegex tests a template for disallowed expressions. While not really dangerous, they
+	// are not useful, and seem potentially troublesome.
+	templateDisallowedRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`(?m)\{\{-?\s*(call|template|define)\b`)
+	templateNameRegex       = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_A-Za-z0-9]+$`)
 )
 
 const (
@@ -131,10 +140,13 @@ const (
 	newMessageBody           = "New message"             // Used in poll requests as generic message
 	defaultAttachmentMessage = "You received a file: %s" // Used if message body is empty, and there is an attachment
 	encodingBase64           = "base64"                  // Used mainly for binary UnifiedPush messages
-	jsonBodyBytesLimit       = 32768                     // Max number of bytes for a request bodys (unless MessageLimit is higher)
+	jsonBodyBytesLimit       = 131072                    // Max number of bytes for a request bodys (unless MessageLimit is higher)
 	unifiedPushTopicPrefix   = "up"                      // Temporarily, we rate limit all "up*" topics based on the subscriber
 	unifiedPushTopicLength   = 14                        // Length of UnifiedPush topics, including the "up" part
 	messagesHistoryMax       = 10                        // Number of message count values to keep in memory
+	templateMaxExecutionTime = 100 * time.Millisecond    // Maximum time a template can take to execute, used to prevent DoS attacks
+	templateMaxOutputBytes   = 1024 * 1024               // Maximum number of bytes a template can output, used to prevent DoS attacks
+	templateFileExtension    = ".yml"                    // Template files must end with this extension
 )
 
 // WebSocket constants
@@ -184,7 +196,17 @@ func New(conf *Config) (*Server, error) {
 	}
 	var userManager *user.Manager
 	if conf.AuthFile != "" {
-		userManager, err = user.NewManager(conf.AuthFile, conf.AuthStartupQueries, conf.AuthDefault, conf.AuthBcryptCost, conf.AuthStatsQueueWriterInterval)
+		authConfig := &user.Config{
+			Filename:            conf.AuthFile,
+			StartupQueries:      conf.AuthStartupQueries,
+			DefaultAccess:       conf.AuthDefault,
+			ProvisionEnabled:    true, // Enable provisioning of users and access
+			ProvisionUsers:      conf.AuthProvisionedUsers,
+			ProvisionAccess:     conf.AuthProvisionedAccess,
+			BcryptCost:          conf.AuthBcryptCost,
+			QueueWriterInterval: conf.AuthStatsQueueWriterInterval,
+		}
+		userManager, err = user.NewManager(authConfig)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -408,7 +430,8 @@ func (s *Server) handleError(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, v *visitor,
 		} else {
 			ev.Info("WebSocket error: %s", err.Error())
 		}
-		return // Do not attempt to write to upgraded connection
+		w.WriteHeader(httpErr.HTTPCode)
+		return // Do not attempt to write any body to upgraded connection
 	}
 	if isNormalError {
 		ev.Debug("Connection closed with HTTP %d (ntfy error %d)", httpErr.HTTPCode, httpErr.Code)
@@ -440,8 +463,10 @@ func (s *Server) handleInternal(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, v *visit
 		return s.ensureWebPushEnabled(s.handleWebManifest)(w, r, v)
 	} else if r.Method == http.MethodGet && r.URL.Path == apiUsersPath {
 		return s.ensureAdmin(s.handleUsersGet)(w, r, v)
-	} else if r.Method == http.MethodPut && r.URL.Path == apiUsersPath {
+	} else if r.Method == http.MethodPost && r.URL.Path == apiUsersPath {
 		return s.ensureAdmin(s.handleUsersAdd)(w, r, v)
+	} else if r.Method == http.MethodPut && r.URL.Path == apiUsersPath {
+		return s.ensureAdmin(s.handleUsersUpdate)(w, r, v)
 	} else if r.Method == http.MethodDelete && r.URL.Path == apiUsersPath {
 		return s.ensureAdmin(s.handleUsersDelete)(w, r, v)
 	} else if (r.Method == http.MethodPut || r.Method == http.MethodPost) && r.URL.Path == apiUsersAccessPath {
@@ -588,6 +613,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleWebConfig(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request, _ *visi
 		return err
 	}
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/javascript")
+	w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
 	_, err = io.WriteString(w, fmt.Sprintf("// Generated server configuration\nvar config = %s;\n", string(b)))
 	return err
 }
@@ -751,7 +777,7 @@ func (s *Server) handlePublishInternal(r *http.Request, v *visitor) (*message, e
 		// the subscription as invalid if any 400-499 code (except 429/408) is returned.
 		// See https://github.com/mastodon/mastodon/blob/730bb3e211a84a2f30e3e2bbeae3f77149824a68/app/workers/web/push_notification_worker.rb#L35-L46
 		return nil, errHTTPInsufficientStorageUnifiedPush.With(t)
-	} else if !util.ContainsIP(s.config.VisitorRequestExemptIPAddrs, v.ip) && !vrate.MessageAllowed() {
+	} else if !util.ContainsIP(s.config.VisitorRequestExemptPrefixes, v.ip) && !vrate.MessageAllowed() {
 		return nil, errHTTPTooManyRequestsLimitMessages.With(t)
 	} else if email != "" && !vrate.EmailAllowed() {
 		return nil, errHTTPTooManyRequestsLimitEmails.With(t)
@@ -927,7 +953,7 @@ func (s *Server) forwardPollRequest(v *visitor, m *message) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *Server) parsePublishParams(r *http.Request, m *message) (cache bool, firebase bool, email, call string, template bool, unifiedpush bool, err *errHTTP) {
+func (s *Server) parsePublishParams(r *http.Request, m *message) (cache bool, firebase bool, email, call string, template templateMode, unifiedpush bool, err *errHTTP) {
 	cache = readBoolParam(r, true, "x-cache", "cache")
 	firebase = readBoolParam(r, true, "x-firebase", "firebase")
 	m.Title = readParam(r, "x-title", "title", "t")
@@ -943,7 +969,7 @@ func (s *Server) parsePublishParams(r *http.Request, m *message) (cache bool, fi
 	}
 	if attach != "" {
 		if !urlRegex.MatchString(attach) {
-			return false, false, "", "", false, false, errHTTPBadRequestAttachmentURLInvalid
+			return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestAttachmentURLInvalid
 		}
 		m.Attachment.URL = attach
 		if m.Attachment.Name == "" {
@@ -961,19 +987,19 @@ func (s *Server) parsePublishParams(r *http.Request, m *message) (cache bool, fi
 	}
 	if icon != "" {
 		if !urlRegex.MatchString(icon) {
-			return false, false, "", "", false, false, errHTTPBadRequestIconURLInvalid
+			return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestIconURLInvalid
 		}
 		m.Icon = icon
 	}
 	email = readParam(r, "x-email", "x-e-mail", "email", "e-mail", "mail", "e")
 	if s.smtpSender == nil && email != "" {
-		return false, false, "", "", false, false, errHTTPBadRequestEmailDisabled
+		return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestEmailDisabled
 	}
 	call = readParam(r, "x-call", "call")
 	if call != "" && (s.config.TwilioAccount == "" || s.userManager == nil) {
-		return false, false, "", "", false, false, errHTTPBadRequestPhoneCallsDisabled
+		return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestPhoneCallsDisabled
 	} else if call != "" && !isBoolValue(call) && !phoneNumberRegex.MatchString(call) {
-		return false, false, "", "", false, false, errHTTPBadRequestPhoneNumberInvalid
+		return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestPhoneNumberInvalid
 	}
 	messageStr := strings.ReplaceAll(readParam(r, "x-message", "message", "m"), "\\n", "\n")
 	if messageStr != "" {
@@ -982,27 +1008,27 @@ func (s *Server) parsePublishParams(r *http.Request, m *message) (cache bool, fi
 	var e error
 	m.Priority, e = util.ParsePriority(readParam(r, "x-priority", "priority", "prio", "p"))
 	if e != nil {
-		return false, false, "", "", false, false, errHTTPBadRequestPriorityInvalid
+		return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestPriorityInvalid
 	}
 	m.Tags = readCommaSeparatedParam(r, "x-tags", "tags", "tag", "ta")
 	delayStr := readParam(r, "x-delay", "delay", "x-at", "at", "x-in", "in")
 	if delayStr != "" {
 		if !cache {
-			return false, false, "", "", false, false, errHTTPBadRequestDelayNoCache
+			return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestDelayNoCache
 		}
 		if email != "" {
-			return false, false, "", "", false, false, errHTTPBadRequestDelayNoEmail // we cannot store the email address (yet)
+			return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestDelayNoEmail // we cannot store the email address (yet)
 		}
 		if call != "" {
-			return false, false, "", "", false, false, errHTTPBadRequestDelayNoCall // we cannot store the phone number (yet)
+			return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestDelayNoCall // we cannot store the phone number (yet)
 		}
 		delay, err := util.ParseFutureTime(delayStr, time.Now())
 		if err != nil {
-			return false, false, "", "", false, false, errHTTPBadRequestDelayCannotParse
+			return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestDelayCannotParse
 		} else if delay.Unix() < time.Now().Add(s.config.MessageDelayMin).Unix() {
-			return false, false, "", "", false, false, errHTTPBadRequestDelayTooSmall
+			return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestDelayTooSmall
 		} else if delay.Unix() > time.Now().Add(s.config.MessageDelayMax).Unix() {
-			return false, false, "", "", false, false, errHTTPBadRequestDelayTooLarge
+			return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestDelayTooLarge
 		}
 		m.Time = delay.Unix()
 	}
@@ -1010,16 +1036,17 @@ func (s *Server) parsePublishParams(r *http.Request, m *message) (cache bool, fi
 	if actionsStr != "" {
 		m.Actions, e = parseActions(actionsStr)
 		if e != nil {
-			return false, false, "", "", false, false, errHTTPBadRequestActionsInvalid.Wrap(e.Error())
+			return false, false, "", "", "", false, errHTTPBadRequestActionsInvalid.Wrap("%s", e.Error())
 		}
 	}
 	contentType, markdown := readParam(r, "content-type", "content_type"), readBoolParam(r, false, "x-markdown", "markdown", "md")
 	if markdown || strings.ToLower(contentType) == "text/markdown" {
 		m.ContentType = "text/markdown"
 	}
-	template = readBoolParam(r, false, "x-template", "template", "tpl")
+	template = templateMode(readParam(r, "x-template", "template", "tpl"))
 	unifiedpush = readBoolParam(r, false, "x-unifiedpush", "unifiedpush", "up") // see GET too!
-	if unifiedpush {
+	contentEncoding := readParam(r, "content-encoding")
+	if unifiedpush || contentEncoding == "aes128gcm" {
 		firebase = false
 		unifiedpush = true
 	}
@@ -1048,7 +1075,7 @@ func (s *Server) parsePublishParams(r *http.Request, m *message) (cache bool, fi
 //     If file.txt is <= 4096 (message limit) and valid UTF-8, treat it as a message
 //  7. curl -T file.txt ntfy.sh/mytopic
 //     In all other cases, mostly if file.txt is > message limit, treat it as an attachment
-func (s *Server) handlePublishBody(r *http.Request, v *visitor, m *message, body *util.PeekedReadCloser, template, unifiedpush bool) error {
+func (s *Server) handlePublishBody(r *http.Request, v *visitor, m *message, body *util.PeekedReadCloser, template templateMode, unifiedpush bool) error {
 	if m.Event == pollRequestEvent { // Case 1
 		return s.handleBodyDiscard(body)
 	} else if unifiedpush {
@@ -1057,8 +1084,8 @@ func (s *Server) handlePublishBody(r *http.Request, v *visitor, m *message, body
 		return s.handleBodyAsTextMessage(m, body) // Case 3
 	} else if m.Attachment != nil && m.Attachment.Name != "" {
 		return s.handleBodyAsAttachment(r, v, m, body) // Case 4
-	} else if template {
-		return s.handleBodyAsTemplatedTextMessage(m, body) // Case 5
+	} else if template.Enabled() {
+		return s.handleBodyAsTemplatedTextMessage(m, template, body) // Case 5
 	} else if !body.LimitReached && utf8.Valid(body.PeekedBytes) {
 		return s.handleBodyAsTextMessage(m, body) // Case 6
 	}
@@ -1094,33 +1121,94 @@ func (s *Server) handleBodyAsTextMessage(m *message, body *util.PeekedReadCloser
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *Server) handleBodyAsTemplatedTextMessage(m *message, body *util.PeekedReadCloser) error {
-	body, err := util.Peek(body, jsonBodyBytesLimit)
+func (s *Server) handleBodyAsTemplatedTextMessage(m *message, template templateMode, body *util.PeekedReadCloser) error {
+	body, err := util.Peek(body, max(s.config.MessageSizeLimit, jsonBodyBytesLimit))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	} else if body.LimitReached {
 		return errHTTPEntityTooLargeJSONBody
 	}
 	peekedBody := strings.TrimSpace(string(body.PeekedBytes))
-	if !gjson.Valid(peekedBody) {
-		return errHTTPBadRequestTemplatedMessageNotJSON
+	if templateName := template.Name(); templateName != "" {
+		if err := s.renderTemplateFromFile(m, templateName, peekedBody); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		if err := s.renderTemplateFromParams(m, peekedBody); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
-	m.Message = replaceGJSONTemplate(m.Message, peekedBody)
-	m.Title = replaceGJSONTemplate(m.Title, peekedBody)
-	if len(m.Message) > s.config.MessageSizeLimit {
-		return errHTTPBadRequestTemplatedMessageTooLarge
+	if len(m.Title) > s.config.MessageSizeLimit || len(m.Message) > s.config.MessageSizeLimit {
+		return errHTTPBadRequestTemplateMessageTooLarge
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-func replaceGJSONTemplate(template string, source string) string {
-	matches := templateVarRegex.FindAllStringSubmatch(template, -1)
-	for _, m := range matches {
-		if result := gjson.Get(source, m[1]); result.Exists() {
-			template = strings.ReplaceAll(template, fmt.Sprintf(templateVarFormat, m[1]), result.String())
+// renderTemplateFromFile transforms the JSON message body according to a template from the filesystem.
+// The template file must be in the templates directory, or in the configured template directory.
+func (s *Server) renderTemplateFromFile(m *message, templateName, peekedBody string) error {
+	if !templateNameRegex.MatchString(templateName) {
+		return errHTTPBadRequestTemplateFileNotFound
+	}
+	templateContent, _ := templatesFs.ReadFile(filepath.Join(templatesDir, templateName+templateFileExtension)) // Read from the embedded filesystem first
+	if s.config.TemplateDir != "" {
+		if b, _ := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(s.config.TemplateDir, templateName+templateFileExtension)); len(b) > 0 {
+			templateContent = b
 		}
 	}
-	return template
+	if len(templateContent) == 0 {
+		return errHTTPBadRequestTemplateFileNotFound
+	}
+	var tpl templateFile
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(templateContent, &tpl); err != nil {
+		return errHTTPBadRequestTemplateFileInvalid
+	}
+	var err error
+	if tpl.Message != nil {
+		if m.Message, err = s.renderTemplate(*tpl.Message, peekedBody); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if tpl.Title != nil {
+		if m.Title, err = s.renderTemplate(*tpl.Title, peekedBody); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// renderTemplateFromParams transforms the JSON message body according to the inline template in the
+// message and title parameters.
+func (s *Server) renderTemplateFromParams(m *message, peekedBody string) error {
+	var err error
+	if m.Message, err = s.renderTemplate(m.Message, peekedBody); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if m.Title, err = s.renderTemplate(m.Title, peekedBody); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// renderTemplate renders a template with the given JSON source data.
+func (s *Server) renderTemplate(tpl string, source string) (string, error) {
+	if templateDisallowedRegex.MatchString(tpl) {
+		return "", errHTTPBadRequestTemplateDisallowedFunctionCalls
+	}
+	var data any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(source), &data); err != nil {
+		return "", errHTTPBadRequestTemplateMessageNotJSON
+	}
+	t, err := template.New("").Funcs(sprig.TxtFuncMap()).Parse(tpl)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errHTTPBadRequestTemplateInvalid.Wrap("%s", err.Error())
+	}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	limitWriter := util.NewLimitWriter(util.NewTimeoutWriter(&buf, templateMaxExecutionTime), util.NewFixedLimiter(templateMaxOutputBytes))
+	if err := t.Execute(limitWriter, data); err != nil {
+		return "", errHTTPBadRequestTemplateExecuteFailed.Wrap("%s", err.Error())
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(buf.String()), nil
 }
 
 func (s *Server) handleBodyAsAttachment(r *http.Request, v *visitor, m *message, body *util.PeekedReadCloser) error {
@@ -1484,6 +1572,9 @@ func (s *Server) maybeSetRateVisitors(r *http.Request, v *visitor, topics []*top
 	// - topic is not reserved, and v.user has write access
 	writableRateTopics := make([]*topic, 0)
 	for _, t := range topics {
+		if !util.Contains(eligibleRateTopics, t) {
+			continue
+		}
 		ownerUserID, err := s.userManager.ReservationOwner(t.ID)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -1537,8 +1628,8 @@ func (s *Server) sendOldMessages(topics []*topic, since sinceMarker, scheduled b
 
 // parseSince returns a timestamp identifying the time span from which cached messages should be received.
 //
-// Values in the "since=..." parameter can be either a unix timestamp or a duration (e.g. 12h), or
-// "all" for all messages.
+// Values in the "since=..." parameter can be either a unix timestamp or a duration (e.g. 12h),
+// "all" for all messages, or "latest" for the most recent message for a topic
 func parseSince(r *http.Request, poll bool) (sinceMarker, error) {
 	since := readParam(r, "x-since", "since", "si")
 
@@ -1550,6 +1641,8 @@ func parseSince(r *http.Request, poll bool) (sinceMarker, error) {
 		return sinceNoMessages, nil
 	} else if since == "all" {
 		return sinceAllMessages, nil
+	} else if since == "latest" {
+		return sinceLatestMessage, nil
 	} else if since == "none" {
 		return sinceNoMessages, nil
 	}
@@ -1809,7 +1902,7 @@ func (s *Server) transformBodyJSON(next handleFunc) handleFunc {
 		if m.Priority != 0 {
 			r.Header.Set("X-Priority", fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Priority))
 		}
-		if m.Tags != nil && len(m.Tags) > 0 {
+		if len(m.Tags) > 0 {
 			r.Header.Set("X-Tags", strings.Join(m.Tags, ","))
 		}
 		if m.Attach != "" {
@@ -1843,6 +1936,12 @@ func (s *Server) transformBodyJSON(next handleFunc) handleFunc {
 		if m.Call != "" {
 			r.Header.Set("X-Call", m.Call)
 		}
+		if m.Cache != "" {
+			r.Header.Set("X-Cache", m.Cache)
+		}
+		if m.Firebase != "" {
+			r.Header.Set("X-Firebase", m.Firebase)
+		}
 		return next(w, r, v)
 	}
 }
@@ -1866,14 +1965,14 @@ func (s *Server) transformMatrixJSON(next handleFunc) handleFunc {
 }
 
 func (s *Server) authorizeTopicWrite(next handleFunc) handleFunc {
-	return s.autorizeTopic(next, user.PermissionWrite)
+	return s.authorizeTopic(next, user.PermissionWrite)
 }
 
 func (s *Server) authorizeTopicRead(next handleFunc) handleFunc {
-	return s.autorizeTopic(next, user.PermissionRead)
+	return s.authorizeTopic(next, user.PermissionRead)
 }
 
-func (s *Server) autorizeTopic(next handleFunc, perm user.Permission) handleFunc {
+func (s *Server) authorizeTopic(next handleFunc, perm user.Permission) handleFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, v *visitor) error {
 		if s.userManager == nil {
 			return next(w, r, v)
@@ -1905,8 +2004,8 @@ func (s *Server) autorizeTopic(next handleFunc, perm user.Permission) handleFunc
 // This function will ALWAYS return a visitor, even if an error occurs (e.g. unauthorized), so
 // that subsequent logging calls still have a visitor context.
 func (s *Server) maybeAuthenticate(r *http.Request) (*visitor, error) {
-	// Read "Authorization" header value, and exit out early if it's not set
-	ip := extractIPAddress(r, s.config.BehindProxy)
+	// Read the "Authorization" header value and exit out early if it's not set
+	ip := extractIPAddress(r, s.config.BehindProxy, s.config.ProxyForwardedHeader, s.config.ProxyTrustedPrefixes)
 	vip := s.visitor(ip, nil)
 	if s.userManager == nil {
 		return vip, nil
@@ -1981,7 +2080,7 @@ func (s *Server) authenticateBearerAuth(r *http.Request, token string) (*user.Us
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	ip := extractIPAddress(r, s.config.BehindProxy)
+	ip := extractIPAddress(r, s.config.BehindProxy, s.config.ProxyForwardedHeader, s.config.ProxyTrustedPrefixes)
 	go s.userManager.EnqueueTokenUpdate(token, &user.TokenUpdate{
 		LastAccess: time.Now(),
 		LastOrigin: ip,
@@ -1992,7 +2091,7 @@ func (s *Server) authenticateBearerAuth(r *http.Request, token string) (*user.Us
 func (s *Server) visitor(ip netip.Addr, user *user.User) *visitor {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
-	id := visitorID(ip, user)
+	id := visitorID(ip, user, s.config)
 	v, exists := s.visitors[id]
 	if !exists {
 		s.visitors[id] = newVisitor(s.config, s.messageCache, s.userManager, ip, user)

server/server.yml

@@ -82,6 +82,10 @@
 #   set to "read-write" (default), "read-only", "write-only" or "deny-all".
 # - auth-startup-queries allows you to run commands when the database is initialized, e.g. to enable
 #   WAL mode. This is similar to cache-startup-queries. See above for details.
+# - auth-provision-users is a list of users that are automatically created when the server starts.
+#   Each entry is in the format "<username>:<bcrypt-hash>:<role>", e.g. "phil:$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C:user"
+# - auth-provision-access is a list of access control entries that are automatically created when the server starts.
+#   Each entry is in the format "<username>:<topic-pattern>:<access>", e.g. "phil:mytopic:rw" or "phil:phil-*:rw".
 #
 # Debian/RPM package users:
 #   Use /var/lib/ntfy/user.db as user database to avoid permission issues. The package
@@ -94,14 +98,26 @@
 # auth-file: <filename>
 # auth-default-access: "read-write"
 # auth-startup-queries:
+# auth-provision-users:
+# auth-provision-access:
 
-# If set, the X-Forwarded-For header is used to determine the visitor IP address
-# instead of the remote address of the connection.
+# If set, the X-Forwarded-For header (or whatever is configured in proxy-forwarded-header) is used to determine
+# the visitor IP address instead of the remote address of the connection.
 #
-# WARNING: If you are behind a proxy, you must set this, otherwise all visitors are rate limited
+# WARNING: If you are behind a proxy, you must set this, otherwise all visitors are rate-limited
 #          as if they are one.
 #
+# - behind-proxy makes it so that the real visitor IP address is extracted from the header defined in
+#   proxy-forwarded-header. Without this, the remote address of the incoming connection is used.
+# - proxy-forwarded-header is the header to use to identify visitors. It may be a single IP address (e.g. 1.2.3.4),
+#   a comma-separated list of IP addresses (e.g. "1.2.3.4, 5.6.7.8"), or an RFC 7239-style header (e.g. "for=1.2.3.4;by=proxy.example.com, for=5.6.7.8").
+# - proxy-trusted-hosts is a comma-separated list of IP addresses, hostnames or CIDRs that are removed from the forwarded header
+#   to determine the real IP address. This is only useful if there are multiple proxies involved that add themselves to
+#   the forwarded header.
+#
 # behind-proxy: false
+# proxy-forwarded-header: "X-Forwarded-For"
+# proxy-trusted-hosts:
 
 # If enabled, clients can attach files to notifications as attachments. Minimum settings to enable attachments
 # are "attachment-cache-dir" and "base-url".
@@ -116,6 +132,26 @@
 # attachment-file-size-limit: "15M"
 # attachment-expiry-duration: "3h"
 
+# Template directory for message templates.
+#
+# When "X-Template: <name>" (aliases: "Template: <name>", "Tpl: <name>") or "?template=<name>" is set, transform the message
+# based on one of the built-in pre-defined templates, or on a template defined in the "template-dir" directory.
+#
+# Template files must have the ".yml" extension and must be formatted as YAML. They may contain "title" and "message" keys,
+# which are interpreted as Go templates.
+#
+# Example template file (e.g. /etc/ntfy/templates/grafana.yml):
+#   title: |
+#     {{- if eq .status "firing" }}
+#     {{ .title | default "Alert firing" }}
+#     {{- else if eq .status "resolved" }}
+#     {{ .title | default "Alert resolved" }}
+#     {{- end }}
+#   message: |
+#     {{ .message | trunc 2000 }}
+#
+# template-dir: "/etc/ntfy/templates"
+
 # If enabled, allow outgoing e-mail notifications via the 'X-Email' header. If this header is set,
 # messages will additionally be sent out as e-mail using an external SMTP server.
 #
@@ -138,7 +174,7 @@
 # - smtp-server-domain is the e-mail domain, e.g. ntfy.sh
 # - smtp-server-addr-prefix is an optional prefix for the e-mail addresses to prevent spam. If set to "ntfy-",
 #   for instance, only e-mails to ntfy-$topic@ntfy.sh will be accepted. If this is not set, all emails to
-#   $topic@ntfy.sh will be accepted (which may obviously be a spam problem).
+#   $topic@ntfy.sh will be accepted (which may be a spam problem).
 #
 # smtp-server-listen:
 # smtp-server-domain:
@@ -146,7 +182,7 @@
 
 # Web Push support (background notifications for browsers)
 #
-# If enabled, allows ntfy to receive push notifications, even when the ntfy web app is closed. When enabled, users
+# If enabled, allows the ntfy web app to receive push notifications, even when the web app is closed. When enabled, users
 # can enable background notifications in the web app. Once enabled, ntfy will forward published messages to the push
 # endpoint, which will then forward it to the browser.
 #
@@ -155,15 +191,19 @@
 #
 # - web-push-public-key is the generated VAPID public key, e.g. AA1234BBCCddvveekaabcdfqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm1234567890
 # - web-push-private-key is the generated VAPID private key, e.g. AA2BB1234567890abcdefzxcvbnm1234567890
-# - web-push-file is a database file to keep track of browser subscription endpoints, e.g. `/var/cache/ntfy/webpush.db`
-# - web-push-email-address is the admin email address send to the push provider, e.g. `sysadmin@example.com`
+# - web-push-file is a database file to keep track of browser subscription endpoints, e.g. /var/cache/ntfy/webpush.db
+# - web-push-email-address is the admin email address send to the push provider, e.g. sysadmin@example.com
 # - web-push-startup-queries is an optional list of queries to run on startup`
+# - web-push-expiry-warning-duration defines the duration after which unused subscriptions are sent a warning (default is 55d`)
+# - web-push-expiry-duration defines the duration after which unused subscriptions will expire (default is 60d)
 #
 # web-push-public-key:
 # web-push-private-key:
 # web-push-file:
 # web-push-email-address:
 # web-push-startup-queries:
+# web-push-expiry-warning-duration: "55d"
+# web-push-expiry-duration: "60d"
 
 # If enabled, ntfy can perform voice calls via Twilio via the "X-Call" header.
 #
@@ -278,6 +318,18 @@
 # visitor-email-limit-burst: 16
 # visitor-email-limit-replenish: "1h"
 
+# Rate limiting: IPv4/IPv6 address prefix bits used for rate limiting
+# - visitor-prefix-bits-ipv4: number of bits of the IPv4 address to use for rate limiting (default: 32, full address)
+# - visitor-prefix-bits-ipv6: number of bits of the IPv6 address to use for rate limiting (default: 64, /64 subnet)
+#
+# This is used to group visitors by their IP address or subnet. For example, if you set visitor-prefix-bits-ipv4 to 24,
+# all visitors in the 1.2.3.0/24 network are treated as one.
+#
+# By default, ntfy uses the full IPv4 address (32 bits) and the /64 subnet of the IPv6 address (64 bits).
+#
+# visitor-prefix-bits-ipv4: 32
+# visitor-prefix-bits-ipv6: 64
+
 # Rate limiting: Attachment size and bandwidth limits per visitor:
 # - visitor-attachment-total-size-limit is the total storage limit used for attachments per visitor
 # - visitor-attachment-daily-bandwidth-limit is the total daily attachment download/upload traffic limit per visitor

server/server_account.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package server
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/log"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
@@ -36,7 +37,10 @@ func (s *Server) handleAccountCreate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, v *
 		return errHTTPConflictUserExists
 	}
 	logvr(v, r).Tag(tagAccount).Field("user_name", newAccount.Username).Info("Creating user %s", newAccount.Username)
-	if err := s.userManager.AddUser(newAccount.Username, newAccount.Password, user.RoleUser); err != nil {
+	if err := s.userManager.AddUser(newAccount.Username, newAccount.Password, user.RoleUser, false); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, user.ErrInvalidArgument) {
+			return errHTTPBadRequestInvalidUsername
+		}
 		return err
 	}
 	v.AccountCreated()
@@ -203,7 +207,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleAccountPasswordChange(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Requ
 		return errHTTPBadRequestIncorrectPasswordConfirmation
 	}
 	logvr(v, r).Tag(tagAccount).Debug("Changing password for user %s", u.Name)
-	if err := s.userManager.ChangePassword(u.Name, req.NewPassword); err != nil {
+	if err := s.userManager.ChangePassword(u.Name, req.NewPassword, false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return s.writeJSON(w, newSuccessResponse())

server/server_account_test.go

@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ func TestAccount_Signup_AsUser(t *testing.T) {
 	defer s.closeDatabases()
 
 	log.Info("1")
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin, false))
 	log.Info("2")
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser, false))
 	log.Info("3")
 	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account", `{"username":"emma", "password":"emma"}`, map[string]string{
 		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ func TestAccount_ChangeSettings(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfigWithAuthFile(t))
 	defer s.closeDatabases()
 
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 	u, _ := s.userManager.User("phil")
 	token, _ := s.userManager.CreateToken(u.ID, "", time.Unix(0, 0), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
 
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ func TestAccount_Subscription_AddUpdateDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfigWithAuthFile(t))
 	defer s.closeDatabases()
 
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 
 	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/subscription", `{"base_url": "http://abc.com", "topic": "def"}`, map[string]string{
 		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ func TestAccount_ChangePassword(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfigWithAuthFile(t))
 	defer s.closeDatabases()
 
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 
 	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/password", `{"password": "WRONG", "new_password": ""}`, map[string]string{
 		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ func TestAccount_ExtendToken(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfigWithAuthFile(t))
 	defer s.closeDatabases()
 
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 
 	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/token", "", map[string]string{
 		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ func TestAccount_ExtendToken_NoTokenProvided(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfigWithAuthFile(t))
 	defer s.closeDatabases()
 
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 
 	rr := request(t, s, "PATCH", "/v1/account/token", "", map[string]string{
 		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"), // Not Bearer!
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ func TestAccount_DeleteToken(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfigWithAuthFile(t))
 	defer s.closeDatabases()
 
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 
 	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/token", "", map[string]string{
 		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
@@ -455,14 +455,14 @@ func TestAccount_Reservation_AddAdminSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 		Code:             "pro",
 		ReservationLimit: 2,
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("noadmin1", "pass", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("noadmin1", "pass", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.ChangeTier("noadmin1", "pro"))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddReservation("noadmin1", "mytopic", user.PermissionDenyAll))
 
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("noadmin2", "pass", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("noadmin2", "pass", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.ChangeTier("noadmin2", "pro"))
 
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "adminpass", user.RoleAdmin))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "adminpass", user.RoleAdmin, false))
 
 	// Admin can reserve topic
 	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/reservation", `{"topic":"sometopic","everyone":"deny-all"}`, map[string]string{
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ func TestAccount_Reservation_Delete_Messages_And_Attachments(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newTestServer(t, conf)
 
 	// Create user with tier
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "mypass", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "mypass", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddTier(&user.Tier{
 		Code:                     "pro",
 		MessageLimit:             20,

server/server_admin.go

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleUsersGet(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, v *visit
 		for i, g := range grants[u.ID] {
 			userGrants[i] = &apiUserGrantResponse{
 				Topic:      g.TopicPattern,
-				Permission: g.Allow.String(),
+				Permission: g.Permission.String(),
 			}
 		}
 		usersResponse[i] = &apiUserResponse{
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ func (s *Server) handleUsersGet(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, v *visit
 }
 
 func (s *Server) handleUsersAdd(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, v *visitor) error {
-	req, err := readJSONWithLimit[apiUserAddRequest](r.Body, jsonBodyBytesLimit, false)
+	req, err := readJSONWithLimit[apiUserAddOrUpdateRequest](r.Body, jsonBodyBytesLimit, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
-	} else if !user.AllowedUsername(req.Username) || req.Password == "" {
-		return errHTTPBadRequest.Wrap("username invalid, or password missing")
+	} else if !user.AllowedUsername(req.Username) || (req.Password == "" && req.Hash == "") {
+		return errHTTPBadRequest.Wrap("username invalid, or password/password_hash missing")
 	}
 	u, err := s.userManager.User(req.Username)
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
@@ -60,7 +60,11 @@ func (s *Server) handleUsersAdd(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, v *visit
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	if err := s.userManager.AddUser(req.Username, req.Password, user.RoleUser); err != nil {
+	password, hashed := req.Password, false
+	if req.Hash != "" {
+		password, hashed = req.Hash, true
+	}
+	if err := s.userManager.AddUser(req.Username, password, user.RoleUser, hashed); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if tier != nil {
@@ -71,6 +75,53 @@ func (s *Server) handleUsersAdd(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, v *visit
 	return s.writeJSON(w, newSuccessResponse())
 }
 
+func (s *Server) handleUsersUpdate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, v *visitor) error {
+	req, err := readJSONWithLimit[apiUserAddOrUpdateRequest](r.Body, jsonBodyBytesLimit, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if !user.AllowedUsername(req.Username) {
+		return errHTTPBadRequest.Wrap("username invalid")
+	} else if req.Password == "" && req.Hash == "" && req.Tier == "" {
+		return errHTTPBadRequest.Wrap("need to provide at least one of \"password\", \"password_hash\" or \"tier\"")
+	}
+	u, err := s.userManager.User(req.Username)
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, user.ErrUserNotFound) {
+		return err
+	} else if u != nil {
+		if u.IsAdmin() {
+			return errHTTPForbidden
+		}
+		if req.Hash != "" {
+			if err := s.userManager.ChangePassword(req.Username, req.Hash, true); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		} else if req.Password != "" {
+			if err := s.userManager.ChangePassword(req.Username, req.Password, false); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		password, hashed := req.Password, false
+		if req.Hash != "" {
+			password, hashed = req.Hash, true
+		}
+		if err := s.userManager.AddUser(req.Username, password, user.RoleUser, hashed); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if req.Tier != "" {
+		if _, err = s.userManager.Tier(req.Tier); errors.Is(err, user.ErrTierNotFound) {
+			return errHTTPBadRequestTierInvalid
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := s.userManager.ChangeTier(req.Username, req.Tier); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return s.writeJSON(w, newSuccessResponse())
+}
+
 func (s *Server) handleUsersDelete(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, v *visitor) error {
 	req, err := readJSONWithLimit[apiUserDeleteRequest](r.Body, jsonBodyBytesLimit, false)
 	if err != nil {

server/server_admin_test.go

@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ func TestUser_AddRemove(t *testing.T) {
 	defer s.closeDatabases()
 
 	// Create admin, tier
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddTier(&user.Tier{
 		Code: "tier1",
 	}))
 
 	// Create user via API
-	rr := request(t, s, "PUT", "/v1/users", `{"username": "ben", "password":"ben"}`, map[string]string{
+	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/users", `{"username": "ben", "password":"ben"}`, map[string]string{
 		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
 	})
 	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
@@ -49,6 +49,226 @@ func TestUser_AddRemove(t *testing.T) {
 		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
 	})
 	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Check user was deleted
+	users, err = s.userManager.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 3, len(users))
+	require.Equal(t, "phil", users[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "emma", users[1].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, user.Everyone, users[2].Name)
+
+	// Reject invalid user change
+	rr = request(t, s, "PUT", "/v1/users", `{"username": "ben"}`, map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 400, rr.Code)
+}
+
+func TestUser_AddWithPasswordHash(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfigWithAuthFile(t))
+	defer s.closeDatabases()
+
+	// Create admin
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin, false))
+
+	// Create user via API
+	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/users", `{"username": "ben", "hash":"$2a$04$2aPIIqPXQU16OfkSUZH1XOzpu1gsPRKkrfVdFLgWQ.tqb.vtTCuVe"}`, map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Check that user can login with password
+	rr = request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/token", "", map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("ben", "ben"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Check users
+	users, err := s.userManager.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 3, len(users))
+	require.Equal(t, "phil", users[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, user.RoleAdmin, users[0].Role)
+	require.Equal(t, "ben", users[1].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, user.RoleUser, users[1].Role)
+}
+
+func TestUser_ChangeUserPassword(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfigWithAuthFile(t))
+	defer s.closeDatabases()
+
+	// Create admin
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin, false))
+
+	// Create user via API
+	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/users", `{"username": "ben", "password": "ben"}`, map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Try to login with first password
+	rr = request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/token", "", map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("ben", "ben"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Change password via API
+	rr = request(t, s, "PUT", "/v1/users", `{"username": "ben", "password": "ben-two"}`, map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Make sure first password fails
+	rr = request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/token", "", map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("ben", "ben"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 401, rr.Code)
+
+	// Try to login with second password
+	rr = request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/token", "", map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("ben", "ben-two"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+}
+
+func TestUser_ChangeUserTier(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfigWithAuthFile(t))
+	defer s.closeDatabases()
+
+	// Create admin, tier
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin, false))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddTier(&user.Tier{
+		Code: "tier1",
+	}))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddTier(&user.Tier{
+		Code: "tier2",
+	}))
+
+	// Create user with tier via API
+	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/users", `{"username": "ben", "password":"ben", "tier": "tier1"}`, map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Check users
+	users, err := s.userManager.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 3, len(users))
+	require.Equal(t, "phil", users[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "ben", users[1].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, user.RoleUser, users[1].Role)
+	require.Equal(t, "tier1", users[1].Tier.Code)
+
+	// Change user tier via API
+	rr = request(t, s, "PUT", "/v1/users", `{"username": "ben", "tier": "tier2"}`, map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Check users again
+	users, err = s.userManager.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "tier2", users[1].Tier.Code)
+}
+
+func TestUser_ChangeUserPasswordAndTier(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfigWithAuthFile(t))
+	defer s.closeDatabases()
+
+	// Create admin, tier
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin, false))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddTier(&user.Tier{
+		Code: "tier1",
+	}))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddTier(&user.Tier{
+		Code: "tier2",
+	}))
+
+	// Create user with tier via API
+	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/users", `{"username": "ben", "password":"ben", "tier": "tier1"}`, map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Check users
+	users, err := s.userManager.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 3, len(users))
+	require.Equal(t, "phil", users[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "ben", users[1].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, user.RoleUser, users[1].Role)
+	require.Equal(t, "tier1", users[1].Tier.Code)
+
+	// Change user password and tier via API
+	rr = request(t, s, "PUT", "/v1/users", `{"username": "ben", "password":"ben-two", "tier": "tier2"}`, map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Make sure first password fails
+	rr = request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/token", "", map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("ben", "ben"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 401, rr.Code)
+
+	// Try to login with second password
+	rr = request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/token", "", map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("ben", "ben-two"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Check new tier
+	users, err = s.userManager.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "tier2", users[1].Tier.Code)
+}
+
+func TestUser_ChangeUserPasswordWithHash(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfigWithAuthFile(t))
+	defer s.closeDatabases()
+
+	// Create admin
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin, false))
+
+	// Create user with tier via API
+	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/users", `{"username": "ben", "password":"not-ben"}`, map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Try to login with first password
+	rr = request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/token", "", map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("ben", "not-ben"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Change user password and tier via API
+	rr = request(t, s, "PUT", "/v1/users", `{"username": "ben", "hash":"$2a$04$2aPIIqPXQU16OfkSUZH1XOzpu1gsPRKkrfVdFLgWQ.tqb.vtTCuVe"}`, map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+
+	// Try to login with second password
+	rr = request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/token", "", map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("ben", "ben"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 200, rr.Code)
+}
+
+func TestUser_DontChangeAdminPassword(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newTestServer(t, newTestConfigWithAuthFile(t))
+	defer s.closeDatabases()
+
+	// Create admin
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin, false))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("admin", "admin", user.RoleAdmin, false))
+
+	// Try to change password via API
+	rr := request(t, s, "PUT", "/v1/users", `{"username": "admin", "password": "admin-new"}`, map[string]string{
+		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 403, rr.Code)
 }
 
 func TestUser_AddRemove_Failures(t *testing.T) {
@@ -56,23 +276,23 @@ func TestUser_AddRemove_Failures(t *testing.T) {
 	defer s.closeDatabases()
 
 	// Create admin
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin, false))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser, false))
 
 	// Cannot create user with invalid username
-	rr := request(t, s, "PUT", "/v1/users", `{"username": "not valid", "password":"ben"}`, map[string]string{
+	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/users", `{"username": "not valid", "password":"ben"}`, map[string]string{
 		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
 	})
 	require.Equal(t, 400, rr.Code)
 
 	// Cannot create user if user already exists
-	rr = request(t, s, "PUT", "/v1/users", `{"username": "phil", "password":"phil"}`, map[string]string{
+	rr = request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/users", `{"username": "phil", "password":"phil"}`, map[string]string{
 		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
 	})
 	require.Equal(t, 40901, toHTTPError(t, rr.Body.String()).Code)
 
 	// Cannot create user with invalid tier
-	rr = request(t, s, "PUT", "/v1/users", `{"username": "emma", "password":"emma", "tier": "invalid"}`, map[string]string{
+	rr = request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/users", `{"username": "emma", "password":"emma", "tier": "invalid"}`, map[string]string{
 		"Authorization": util.BasicAuth("phil", "phil"),
 	})
 	require.Equal(t, 40030, toHTTPError(t, rr.Body.String()).Code)
@@ -97,8 +317,8 @@ func TestAccess_AllowReset(t *testing.T) {
 	defer s.closeDatabases()
 
 	// User and admin
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin, false))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser, false))
 
 	// Subscribing not allowed
 	rr := request(t, s, "GET", "/gold/json?poll=1", "", map[string]string{
@@ -138,7 +358,7 @@ func TestAccess_AllowReset_NonAdminAttempt(t *testing.T) {
 	defer s.closeDatabases()
 
 	// User
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser, false))
 
 	// Grant access fails, because non-admin
 	rr := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/users/access", `{"username": "ben", "topic":"gold", "permission":"ro"}`, map[string]string{
@@ -154,8 +374,8 @@ func TestAccess_AllowReset_KillConnection(t *testing.T) {
 	defer s.closeDatabases()
 
 	// User and admin, grant access to "gol*" topics
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleAdmin, false))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AllowAccess("ben", "gol*", user.PermissionRead)) // Wildcard!
 
 	start, timeTaken := time.Now(), atomic.Int64{}

server/server_firebase.go

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func (c *firebaseClient) Send(v *visitor, m *message) error {
 		ev.Field("firebase_message", util.MaybeMarshalJSON(fbm)).Trace("Firebase message")
 	}
 	err = c.sender.Send(fbm)
-	if err == errFirebaseQuotaExceeded {
+	if errors.Is(err, errFirebaseQuotaExceeded) {
 		logvm(v, m).
 			Tag(tagFirebase).
 			Err(err).
@@ -133,56 +133,55 @@ func toFirebaseMessage(m *message, auther user.Auther) (*messaging.Message, erro
 			"time":    fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Time),
 			"event":   m.Event,
 			"topic":   m.Topic,
-			"message": m.Message,
+			"message": newMessageBody,
 			"poll_id": m.PollID,
 		}
 		apnsConfig = createAPNSAlertConfig(m, data)
 	case messageEvent:
-		allowForward := true
 		if auther != nil {
-			allowForward = auther.Authorize(nil, m.Topic, user.PermissionRead) == nil
-		}
-		if allowForward {
-			data = map[string]string{
-				"id":           m.ID,
-				"time":         fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Time),
-				"event":        m.Event,
-				"topic":        m.Topic,
-				"priority":     fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Priority),
-				"tags":         strings.Join(m.Tags, ","),
-				"click":        m.Click,
-				"icon":         m.Icon,
-				"title":        m.Title,
-				"message":      m.Message,
-				"content_type": m.ContentType,
-				"encoding":     m.Encoding,
-			}
-			if len(m.Actions) > 0 {
-				actions, err := json.Marshal(m.Actions)
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil, err
-				}
-				data["actions"] = string(actions)
-			}
-			if m.Attachment != nil {
-				data["attachment_name"] = m.Attachment.Name
-				data["attachment_type"] = m.Attachment.Type
-				data["attachment_size"] = fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Attachment.Size)
-				data["attachment_expires"] = fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Attachment.Expires)
-				data["attachment_url"] = m.Attachment.URL
-			}
-			apnsConfig = createAPNSAlertConfig(m, data)
-		} else {
-			// If anonymous read for a topic is not allowed, we cannot send the message along
+			// If "anonymous read" for a topic is not allowed, we cannot send the message along
 			// via Firebase. Instead, we send a "poll_request" message, asking the client to poll.
-			data = map[string]string{
-				"id":    m.ID,
-				"time":  fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Time),
-				"event": pollRequestEvent,
-				"topic": m.Topic,
+			//
+			// The data map needs to contain all the fields for it to function properly. If not all
+			// fields are set, the iOS app fails to decode the message.
+			//
+			// See https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/pull/1345
+			if err := auther.Authorize(nil, m.Topic, user.PermissionRead); err != nil {
+				m = toPollRequest(m)
 			}
-			// TODO Handle APNS?
 		}
+		data = map[string]string{
+			"id":           m.ID,
+			"time":         fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Time),
+			"event":        m.Event,
+			"topic":        m.Topic,
+			"priority":     fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Priority),
+			"tags":         strings.Join(m.Tags, ","),
+			"click":        m.Click,
+			"icon":         m.Icon,
+			"title":        m.Title,
+			"message":      m.Message,
+			"content_type": m.ContentType,
+			"encoding":     m.Encoding,
+		}
+		if len(m.Actions) > 0 {
+			actions, err := json.Marshal(m.Actions)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			data["actions"] = string(actions)
+		}
+		if m.Attachment != nil {
+			data["attachment_name"] = m.Attachment.Name
+			data["attachment_type"] = m.Attachment.Type
+			data["attachment_size"] = fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Attachment.Size)
+			data["attachment_expires"] = fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Attachment.Expires)
+			data["attachment_url"] = m.Attachment.URL
+		}
+		if m.PollID != "" {
+			data["poll_id"] = m.PollID
+		}
+		apnsConfig = createAPNSAlertConfig(m, data)
 	}
 	var androidConfig *messaging.AndroidConfig
 	if m.Priority >= 4 {
@@ -276,3 +275,17 @@ func maybeTruncateAPNSBodyMessage(s string) string {
 	}
 	return s
 }
+
+// toPollRequest converts a message to a poll request message.
+//
+// This empties all the fields that are not needed for a poll request and just sets the required fields,
+// most importantly, the PollID.
+func toPollRequest(m *message) *message {
+	pr := newPollRequestMessage(m.Topic, m.ID)
+	pr.ID = m.ID
+	pr.Time = m.Time
+	pr.Priority = m.Priority // Keep priority
+	pr.ContentType = m.ContentType
+	pr.Encoding = m.Encoding
+	return pr
+}

server/server_firebase_test.go

@@ -223,14 +223,25 @@ func TestToFirebaseMessage_Message_Normal_Not_Allowed(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, &messaging.AndroidConfig{
 		Priority: "high",
 	}, fbm.Android)
-	require.Equal(t, "", fbm.Data["message"])
-	require.Equal(t, "", fbm.Data["priority"])
+	require.Equal(t, "New message", fbm.Data["message"])
+	require.Equal(t, "5", fbm.Data["priority"])
 	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{
-		"id":    m.ID,
-		"time":  fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Time),
-		"event": "poll_request",
-		"topic": "mytopic",
+		"id":           m.ID,
+		"time":         fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Time),
+		"event":        "poll_request",
+		"topic":        "mytopic",
+		"message":      "New message",
+		"title":        "",
+		"tags":         "",
+		"click":        "",
+		"icon":         "",
+		"priority":     "5",
+		"encoding":     "",
+		"content_type": "",
+		"poll_id":      m.ID,
 	}, fbm.Data)
+	require.Equal(t, "", fbm.APNS.Payload.Aps.Alert.Title)
+	require.Equal(t, "New message", fbm.APNS.Payload.Aps.Alert.Body)
 }
 
 func TestToFirebaseMessage_PollRequest(t *testing.T) {

server/server_middleware.go

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ const (
 
 func (s *Server) limitRequests(next handleFunc) handleFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, v *visitor) error {
-		if util.ContainsIP(s.config.VisitorRequestExemptIPAddrs, v.ip) {
+		if util.ContainsIP(s.config.VisitorRequestExemptPrefixes, v.ip) {
 			return next(w, r, v)
 		} else if !v.RequestAllowed() {
 			return errHTTPTooManyRequestsLimitRequests
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func (s *Server) limitRequestsWithTopic(next handleFunc) handleFunc {
 			contextRateVisitor: vrate,
 			contextTopic:       t,
 		})
-		if util.ContainsIP(s.config.VisitorRequestExemptIPAddrs, v.ip) {
+		if util.ContainsIP(s.config.VisitorRequestExemptPrefixes, v.ip) {
 			return next(w, r, v)
 		} else if !vrate.RequestAllowed() {
 			return errHTTPTooManyRequestsLimitRequests

server/server_payments_test.go

@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ func TestPayments_SubscriptionCreate_NotAStripeCustomer_Success(t *testing.T) {
 		Code:                 "pro",
 		StripeMonthlyPriceID: "price_123",
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 
 	// Create subscription
 	response := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/account/billing/subscription", `{"tier": "pro", "interval": "month"}`, map[string]string{
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ func TestPayments_SubscriptionCreate_StripeCustomer_Success(t *testing.T) {
 		Code:                 "pro",
 		StripeMonthlyPriceID: "price_123",
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 
 	u, err := s.userManager.User("phil")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ func TestPayments_AccountDelete_Cancels_Subscription(t *testing.T) {
 		Code:                 "pro",
 		StripeMonthlyPriceID: "price_123",
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 
 	u, err := s.userManager.User("phil")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ func TestPayments_Checkout_Success_And_Increase_Rate_Limits_Reset_Visitor(t *tes
 		MessageLimit:          220, // 220 * 5% = 11 requests before rate limiting kicks in
 		MessageExpiryDuration: time.Hour,
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser)) // No tier
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false)) // No tier
 	u, err := s.userManager.User("phil")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ func TestPayments_Webhook_Subscription_Updated_Downgrade_From_PastDue_To_Active(
 		AttachmentTotalSizeLimit: 1000000,
 		AttachmentBandwidthLimit: 1000000,
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.ChangeTier("phil", "pro"))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddReservation("phil", "atopic", user.PermissionDenyAll))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddReservation("phil", "ztopic", user.PermissionDenyAll))
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ func TestPayments_Webhook_Subscription_Deleted(t *testing.T) {
 		StripeMonthlyPriceID: "price_1234",
 		ReservationLimit:     1,
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.ChangeTier("phil", "pro"))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddReservation("phil", "atopic", user.PermissionDenyAll))
 
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ func TestPayments_Subscription_Update_Different_Tier(t *testing.T) {
 		StripeMonthlyPriceID: "price_456",
 		StripeYearlyPriceID:  "price_457",
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.ChangeTier("phil", "pro"))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.ChangeBilling("phil", &user.Billing{
 		StripeCustomerID:     "acct_123",
@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@ func TestPayments_Subscription_Delete_At_Period_End(t *testing.T) {
 		Return(&stripe.Subscription{}, nil)
 
 	// Create user
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.ChangeBilling("phil", &user.Billing{
 		StripeCustomerID:     "acct_123",
 		StripeSubscriptionID: "sub_123",
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ func TestPayments_CreatePortalSession(t *testing.T) {
 		}, nil)
 
 	// Create user
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.ChangeBilling("phil", &user.Billing{
 		StripeCustomerID:     "acct_123",
 		StripeSubscriptionID: "sub_123",

server/server_twilio_test.go

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func TestServer_Twilio_Call_Add_Verify_Call_Delete_Success(t *testing.T) {
 		MessageLimit: 10,
 		CallLimit:    1,
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.ChangeTier("phil", "pro"))
 	u, err := s.userManager.User("phil")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ func TestServer_Twilio_Call_Success(t *testing.T) {
 		MessageLimit: 10,
 		CallLimit:    1,
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.ChangeTier("phil", "pro"))
 	u, err := s.userManager.User("phil")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ func TestServer_Twilio_Call_Success_With_Yes(t *testing.T) {
 		MessageLimit: 10,
 		CallLimit:    1,
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.ChangeTier("phil", "pro"))
 	u, err := s.userManager.User("phil")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ func TestServer_Twilio_Call_UnverifiedNumber(t *testing.T) {
 		MessageLimit: 10,
 		CallLimit:    1,
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("phil", "phil", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.ChangeTier("phil", "pro"))
 
 	// Do the thing

server/server_webpush_test.go

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func TestServer_WebPush_TopicSubscribeProtected_Allowed(t *testing.T) {
 	config.AuthDefault = user.PermissionDenyAll
 	s := newTestServer(t, config)
 
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AllowAccess("ben", "test-topic", user.PermissionReadWrite))
 
 	response := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/webpush", payloadForTopics(t, []string{"test-topic"}, testWebPushEndpoint), map[string]string{
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ func TestServer_WebPush_DeleteAccountUnsubscribe(t *testing.T) {
 	config := configureAuth(t, newTestConfigWithWebPush(t))
 	s := newTestServer(t, config)
 
-	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AddUser("ben", "ben", user.RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, s.userManager.AllowAccess("ben", "test-topic", user.PermissionReadWrite))
 
 	response := request(t, s, "POST", "/v1/webpush", payloadForTopics(t, []string{"test-topic"}, testWebPushEndpoint), map[string]string{
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ func TestServer_WebPush_Expiry(t *testing.T) {
 	addSubscription(t, s, pushService.URL+"/push-receive", "test-topic")
 	requireSubscriptionCount(t, s, "test-topic", 1)
 
-	_, err := s.webPush.db.Exec("UPDATE subscription SET updated_at = ?", time.Now().Add(-7*24*time.Hour).Unix())
+	_, err := s.webPush.db.Exec("UPDATE subscription SET updated_at = ?", time.Now().Add(-55*24*time.Hour).Unix())
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
 	s.pruneAndNotifyWebPushSubscriptions()
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ func TestServer_WebPush_Expiry(t *testing.T) {
 		return received.Load()
 	})
 
-	_, err = s.webPush.db.Exec("UPDATE subscription SET updated_at = ?", time.Now().Add(-9*24*time.Hour).Unix())
+	_, err = s.webPush.db.Exec("UPDATE subscription SET updated_at = ?", time.Now().Add(-60*24*time.Hour).Unix())
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
 	s.pruneAndNotifyWebPushSubscriptions()

server/smtp_sender.go

@@ -110,9 +110,11 @@ func formatMail(baseURL, senderIP, from, to string, m *message) (string, error)
 	if trailer != "" {
 		message += "\n\n" + trailer
 	}
+	date := time.Unix(m.Time, 0).UTC().Format(time.RFC1123Z)
 	subject = mime.BEncoding.Encode("utf-8", subject)
 	body := `From: "{shortTopicURL}" <{from}>
 To: {to}
+Date: {date}
 Subject: {subject}
 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
 
@@ -122,6 +124,7 @@ Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
 This message was sent by {ip} at {time} via {topicURL}`
 	body = strings.ReplaceAll(body, "{from}", from)
 	body = strings.ReplaceAll(body, "{to}", to)
+	body = strings.ReplaceAll(body, "{date}", date)
 	body = strings.ReplaceAll(body, "{subject}", subject)
 	body = strings.ReplaceAll(body, "{message}", message)
 	body = strings.ReplaceAll(body, "{topicURL}", topicURL)

server/smtp_sender_test.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ func TestFormatMail_Basic(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	expected := `From: "ntfy.sh/alerts" <ntfy@ntfy.sh>
 To: phil@example.com
+Date: Fri, 24 Dec 2021 21:43:24 +0000
 Subject: A simple message
 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
 
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ func TestFormatMail_JustEmojis(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	expected := `From: "ntfy.sh/alerts" <ntfy@ntfy.sh>
 To: phil@example.com
+Date: Fri, 24 Dec 2021 21:43:24 +0000
 Subject: =?utf-8?b?8J+YgCBBIHNpbXBsZSBtZXNzYWdl?=
 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
 
@@ -57,6 +59,7 @@ func TestFormatMail_JustOtherTags(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	expected := `From: "ntfy.sh/alerts" <ntfy@ntfy.sh>
 To: phil@example.com
+Date: Fri, 24 Dec 2021 21:43:24 +0000
 Subject: A simple message
 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
 
@@ -80,6 +83,7 @@ func TestFormatMail_JustPriority(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	expected := `From: "ntfy.sh/alerts" <ntfy@ntfy.sh>
 To: phil@example.com
+Date: Fri, 24 Dec 2021 21:43:24 +0000
 Subject: A simple message
 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
 
@@ -103,6 +107,7 @@ func TestFormatMail_UTF8Subject(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	expected := `From: "ntfy.sh/alerts" <ntfy@ntfy.sh>
 To: phil@example.com
+Date: Fri, 24 Dec 2021 21:43:24 +0000
 Subject: =?utf-8?b?IDo6IEEgbm90IHNvIHNpbXBsZSB0aXRsZSDDtsOkw7zDnyDCoUhvbGEsIHNl?= =?utf-8?b?w7FvciE=?=
 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
 
@@ -126,6 +131,7 @@ func TestFormatMail_WithAllTheThings(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	expected := `From: "ntfy.sh/alerts" <ntfy@ntfy.sh>
 To: phil@example.com
+Date: Fri, 24 Dec 2021 21:43:24 +0000
 Subject: =?utf-8?b?4pqg77iPIPCfkoAgT2ggbm8g8J+ZiCBUaGlzIGlzIGEgbWVzc2FnZSBhY3Jv?= =?utf-8?b?c3MgbXVsdGlwbGUgbGluZXM=?=
 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
 

server/smtp_server.go

@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"github.com/emersion/go-smtp"
-	"github.com/microcosm-cc/bluemonday"
 	"io"
 	"mime"
 	"mime/multipart"
@@ -18,6 +16,9 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/emersion/go-smtp"
+	"github.com/microcosm-cc/bluemonday"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -70,15 +71,19 @@ func (b *smtpBackend) Counts() (total int64, success int64, failure int64) {
 
 // smtpSession is returned after EHLO.
 type smtpSession struct {
-	backend *smtpBackend
-	conn    *smtp.Conn
-	topic   string
-	token   string
-	mu      sync.Mutex
+	backend   *smtpBackend
+	conn      *smtp.Conn
+	topic     string
+	token     string // If email address contains token, e.g. topic+token@domain
+	basicAuth string // If SMTP AUTH PLAIN was used
+	mu        sync.Mutex
 }
 
-func (s *smtpSession) AuthPlain(username, _ string) error {
+func (s *smtpSession) AuthPlain(username, password string) error {
 	logem(s.conn).Field("smtp_username", username).Debug("AUTH PLAIN (with username %s)", username)
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.basicAuth = base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", username, password)))
+	s.mu.Unlock()
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -187,17 +192,19 @@ func (s *smtpSession) publishMessage(m *message) error {
 	// Call HTTP handler with fake HTTP request
 	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", s.backend.config.BaseURL, m.Topic)
 	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", url, strings.NewReader(m.Message))
-	req.RequestURI = "/" + m.Topic // just for the logs
-	req.RemoteAddr = remoteAddr    // rate limiting!!
-	req.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", remoteAddr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	req.RequestURI = "/" + m.Topic                                    // just for the logs
+	req.RemoteAddr = remoteAddr                                       // rate limiting!!
+	req.Header.Set(s.backend.config.ProxyForwardedHeader, remoteAddr) // Set X-Forwarded-For header
 	if m.Title != "" {
 		req.Header.Set("Title", m.Title)
 	}
 	if s.token != "" {
 		req.Header.Add("Authorization", "Bearer "+s.token)
+	} else if s.basicAuth != "" {
+		req.Header.Add("Authorization", "Basic "+s.basicAuth)
 	}
 	rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	s.backend.handler(rr, req)
@@ -214,6 +221,9 @@ func (s *smtpSession) Reset() {
 }
 
 func (s *smtpSession) Logout() error {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.basicAuth = ""
+	s.mu.Unlock()
 	return nil
 }
 

server/smtp_server_test.go

@@ -1386,6 +1386,28 @@ what's up
 	writeAndReadUntilLine(t, email, c, scanner, "250 2.0.0 OK: queued")
 }
 
+func TestSmtpBackend_PlaintextWithPlainAuth(t *testing.T) {
+	email := `EHLO example.com
+AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0ADEyMzQ=
+MAIL FROM: phil@example.com
+RCPT TO: ntfy-mytopic@ntfy.sh
+DATA
+Subject: Very short mail
+
+what's up
+.
+`
+	s, c, _, scanner := newTestSMTPServer(t, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		require.Equal(t, "/mytopic", r.URL.Path)
+		require.Equal(t, "Very short mail", r.Header.Get("Title"))
+		require.Equal(t, "Basic dGVzdDoxMjM0", r.Header.Get("Authorization"))
+		require.Equal(t, "what's up", readAll(t, r.Body))
+	})
+	defer s.Close()
+	defer c.Close()
+	writeAndReadUntilLine(t, email, c, scanner, "250 2.0.0 OK: queued")
+}
+
 type smtpHandlerFunc func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request)
 
 func newTestSMTPServer(t *testing.T, handler smtpHandlerFunc) (s *smtp.Server, c net.Conn, conf *Config, scanner *bufio.Scanner) {

server/templates/alertmanager.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+title: |
+  {{- if eq .status "firing" }}
+  🚨 Alert: {{ (first .alerts).labels.alertname }}
+  {{- else if eq .status "resolved" }}
+  ✅ Resolved: {{ (first .alerts).labels.alertname }}
+  {{- else }}
+  {{ fail "Unsupported Alertmanager status." }}
+  {{- end }}
+message: |
+  Status: {{ .status | title }}
+  Receiver: {{ .receiver }}
+  
+  {{- range .alerts }}
+  Alert: {{ .labels.alertname }}
+  Instance: {{ .labels.instance }}
+  Severity: {{ .labels.severity }}
+  Starts at: {{ .startsAt }}
+  {{- if .endsAt }}Ends at: {{ .endsAt }}{{ end }}
+  {{- if .annotations.summary }}
+  Summary: {{ .annotations.summary }}
+  {{- end }}
+  {{- if .annotations.description }}
+  Description: {{ .annotations.description }}
+  {{- end }}
+  Source: {{ .generatorURL }}
+  
+  {{ end }}

server/templates/github.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+title: |
+  {{- if and .starred_at (eq .action "created")}}
+  ⭐ {{ .sender.login }} starred {{ .repository.name }}
+  
+  {{- else if and .repository (eq .action "started")}}
+  👀 {{ .sender.login }} started watching {{ .repository.name }}
+  
+  {{- else if and .comment (eq .action "created") }}
+  💬 New comment on issue #{{ .issue.number }} {{ .issue.title }}
+  
+  {{- else if .pull_request }}
+  🔀 Pull request {{ .action }}: #{{ .pull_request.number }} {{ .pull_request.title }}
+  
+  {{- else if .issue }}
+  🐛 Issue {{ .action }}: #{{ .issue.number }} {{ .issue.title }}
+  
+  {{- else }}
+  {{ fail "Unsupported GitHub event type or action." }}
+  {{- end }}
+message: |
+  {{ if and .starred_at (eq .action "created")}}
+  Stargazer: {{ .sender.html_url }}
+  Repository: {{ .repository.html_url }}
+  
+  {{- else if and .repository (eq .action "started")}}
+  Watcher: {{ .sender.html_url }}
+  Repository: {{ .repository.html_url }}
+  
+  {{- else if and .comment (eq .action "created") }}
+  Commenter: {{ .comment.user.html_url }}
+  Repository: {{ .repository.html_url }}
+  Comment link: {{ .comment.html_url }}
+  {{ if .comment.body }}
+  Comment:
+  {{ .comment.body | trunc 2000 }}{{ end }}
+  
+  {{- else if .pull_request }}
+  Branch: {{ .pull_request.head.ref }} → {{ .pull_request.base.ref }}
+  {{ .action | title }} by: {{ .pull_request.user.html_url }}
+  Repository: {{ .repository.html_url }}
+  Pull request: {{ .pull_request.html_url }}
+  {{ if .pull_request.body }}
+  Description:
+  {{ .pull_request.body | trunc 2000 }}{{ end }}
+  
+  {{- else if .issue }}
+  {{ .action | title }} by: {{ .issue.user.html_url }}
+  Repository: {{ .repository.html_url }}
+  Issue link: {{ .issue.html_url }}
+  {{ if .issue.labels }}Labels: {{ range .issue.labels }}{{ .name }} {{ end }}{{ end }}
+  {{ if .issue.body }}
+  Description:
+  {{ .issue.body | trunc 2000 }}{{ end }}
+  
+  {{- else }}
+  {{ fail "Unsupported GitHub event type or action." }}
+  {{- end }}

server/templates/grafana.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+title: |
+  {{- if eq .status "firing" }}
+  🚨 {{ .title | default "Alert firing" }}
+  {{- else if eq .status "resolved" }}
+  ✅ {{ .title | default "Alert resolved" }}
+  {{- else }}
+  ⚠️ Unknown alert: {{ .title | default "Alert" }}
+  {{- end }}
+message: |
+  {{ .message | trunc 2000 }}

server/testdata/webhook_alertmanager_firing.json

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+  "version": "4",
+  "groupKey": "...",
+  "status": "firing",
+  "receiver": "webhook-receiver",
+  "groupLabels": {
+    "alertname": "HighCPUUsage"
+  },
+  "commonLabels": {
+    "alertname": "HighCPUUsage",
+    "instance": "server01",
+    "severity": "critical"
+  },
+  "commonAnnotations": {
+    "summary": "High CPU usage detected"
+  },
+  "alerts": [
+    {
+      "status": "firing",
+      "labels": {
+        "alertname": "HighCPUUsage",
+        "instance": "server01",
+        "severity": "critical"
+      },
+      "annotations": {
+        "summary": "High CPU usage detected"
+      },
+      "startsAt": "2025-07-17T07:00:00Z",
+      "endsAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+      "generatorURL": "http://prometheus.local/graph?g0.expr=..."
+    }
+  ]
+}

server/testdata/webhook_github_comment_created.json

@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+{
+  "action": "created",
+  "issue": {
+    "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1389",
+    "repository_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy",
+    "labels_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1389/labels{/name}",
+    "comments_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1389/comments",
+    "events_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1389/events",
+    "html_url": "https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1389",
+    "id": 3230655753,
+    "node_id": "I_kwDOGRBhi87Aj-UJ",
+    "number": 1389,
+    "title": "instant alerts without Pull to refresh",
+    "user": {
+      "login": "edbraunh",
+      "id": 8795846,
+      "node_id": "MDQ6VXNlcjg3OTU4NDY=",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8795846?v=4",
+      "gravatar_id": "",
+      "url": "https://api.github.com/users/edbraunh",
+      "html_url": "https://github.com/edbraunh",
+      "followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/edbraunh/followers",
+      "following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/edbraunh/following{/other_user}",
+      "gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/edbraunh/gists{/gist_id}",
+      "starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/edbraunh/starred{/owner}{/repo}",
+      "subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/edbraunh/subscriptions",
+      "organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/edbraunh/orgs",
+      "repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/edbraunh/repos",
+      "events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/edbraunh/events{/privacy}",
+      "received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/edbraunh/received_events",
+      "type": "User",
+      "user_view_type": "public",
+      "site_admin": false
+    },
+    "labels": [
+      {
+        "id": 3480884105,
+        "node_id": "LA_kwDOGRBhi87PehOJ",
+        "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/labels/enhancement",
+        "name": "enhancement",
+        "color": "a2eeef",
+        "default": true,
+        "description": "New feature or request"
+      }
+    ],
+    "state": "open",
+    "locked": false,
+    "assignee": null,
+    "assignees": [
+    ],
+    "milestone": null,
+    "comments": 3,
+    "created_at": "2025-07-15T03:46:30Z",
+    "updated_at": "2025-07-16T11:45:57Z",
+    "closed_at": null,
+    "author_association": "NONE",
+    "active_lock_reason": null,
+    "sub_issues_summary": {
+      "total": 0,
+      "completed": 0,
+      "percent_completed": 0
+    },
+    "body": "Hello ntfy Team,\n\nFirst off, thank you for developing such a powerful and lightweight notification app — it’s been invaluable for receiving timely alerts.\n\nI’m a user who relies heavily on ntfy for real-time trading alerts and have noticed that while push notifications arrive instantly, the in-app alert list does not automatically refresh with new messages. Currently, I need to manually pull-to-refresh the alert list to see the latest alerts.\n\nWould it be possible to add a feature that enables automatic refreshing of the alert list as new notifications arrive? This would greatly enhance usability and streamline the user experience, especially for users monitoring time-sensitive information.\n\nThank you for considering this request. I appreciate your hard work and look forward to future updates!",
+    "reactions": {
+      "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1389/reactions",
+      "total_count": 0,
+      "+1": 0,
+      "-1": 0,
+      "laugh": 0,
+      "hooray": 0,
+      "confused": 0,
+      "heart": 0,
+      "rocket": 0,
+      "eyes": 0
+    },
+    "timeline_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1389/timeline",
+    "performed_via_github_app": null,
+    "state_reason": null
+  },
+  "comment": {
+    "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/comments/3078214289",
+    "html_url": "https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1389#issuecomment-3078214289",
+    "issue_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1389",
+    "id": 3078214289,
+    "node_id": "IC_kwDOGRBhi863edKR",
+    "user": {
+      "login": "wunter8",
+      "id": 8421688,
+      "node_id": "MDQ6VXNlcjg0MjE2ODg=",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8421688?v=4",
+      "gravatar_id": "",
+      "url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8",
+      "html_url": "https://github.com/wunter8",
+      "followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/followers",
+      "following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/following{/other_user}",
+      "gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/gists{/gist_id}",
+      "starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/starred{/owner}{/repo}",
+      "subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/subscriptions",
+      "organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/orgs",
+      "repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/repos",
+      "events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/events{/privacy}",
+      "received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/received_events",
+      "type": "User",
+      "user_view_type": "public",
+      "site_admin": false
+    },
+    "created_at": "2025-07-16T11:45:57Z",
+    "updated_at": "2025-07-16T11:45:57Z",
+    "author_association": "CONTRIBUTOR",
+    "body": "These are the things you need to do to get iOS push notifications to work:\n1. open a browser to the web app of your ntfy instance and copy the URL (including \"http://\" or \"https://\", your domain or IP address, and any ports, and excluding any trailing slashes)\n2. put the URL you copied in the ntfy `base-url` config in server.yml or NTFY_BASE_URL in env variables\n3. put the URL you copied in the default server URL setting in the iOS ntfy app\n4. set `upstream-base-url` in server.yml or NTFY_UPSTREAM_BASE_URL in env variables to \"https://ntfy.sh\" (without a trailing slash)",
+    "reactions": {
+      "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/comments/3078214289/reactions",
+      "total_count": 0,
+      "+1": 0,
+      "-1": 0,
+      "laugh": 0,
+      "hooray": 0,
+      "confused": 0,
+      "heart": 0,
+      "rocket": 0,
+      "eyes": 0
+    },
+    "performed_via_github_app": null
+  },
+  "repository": {
+    "id": 420503947,
+    "node_id": "R_kgDOGRBhiw",
+    "name": "ntfy",
+    "full_name": "binwiederhier/ntfy",
+    "private": false,
+    "owner": {
+      "login": "binwiederhier",
+      "id": 664597,
+      "node_id": "MDQ6VXNlcjY2NDU5Nw==",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/664597?v=4",
+      "gravatar_id": "",
+      "url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier",
+      "html_url": "https://github.com/binwiederhier",
+      "followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/followers",
+      "following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/following{/other_user}",
+      "gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/gists{/gist_id}",
+      "starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/starred{/owner}{/repo}",
+      "subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/subscriptions",
+      "organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/orgs",
+      "repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/repos",
+      "events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/events{/privacy}",
+      "received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/received_events",
+      "type": "User",
+      "user_view_type": "public",
+      "site_admin": false
+    },
+    "html_url": "https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy",
+    "description": "Send push notifications to your phone or desktop using PUT/POST",
+    "fork": false,
+    "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy",
+    "forks_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/forks",
+    "keys_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/keys{/key_id}",
+    "collaborators_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/collaborators{/collaborator}",
+    "teams_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/teams",
+    "hooks_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/hooks",
+    "issue_events_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/events{/number}",
+    "events_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/events",
+    "assignees_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/assignees{/user}",
+    "branches_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/branches{/branch}",
+    "tags_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/tags",
+    "blobs_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/git/blobs{/sha}",
+    "git_tags_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/git/tags{/sha}",
+    "git_refs_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/git/refs{/sha}",
+    "trees_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/git/trees{/sha}",
+    "statuses_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/statuses/{sha}",
+    "languages_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/languages",
+    "stargazers_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/stargazers",
+    "contributors_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/contributors",
+    "subscribers_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/subscribers",
+    "subscription_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/subscription",
+    "commits_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/commits{/sha}",
+    "git_commits_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/git/commits{/sha}",
+    "comments_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/comments{/number}",
+    "issue_comment_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/comments{/number}",
+    "contents_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/contents/{+path}",
+    "compare_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/compare/{base}...{head}",
+    "merges_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/merges",
+    "archive_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/{archive_format}{/ref}",
+    "downloads_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/downloads",
+    "issues_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues{/number}",
+    "pulls_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/pulls{/number}",
+    "milestones_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/milestones{/number}",
+    "notifications_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/notifications{?since,all,participating}",
+    "labels_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/labels{/name}",
+    "releases_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases{/id}",
+    "deployments_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/deployments",
+    "created_at": "2021-10-23T19:25:32Z",
+    "updated_at": "2025-07-16T10:18:34Z",
+    "pushed_at": "2025-07-13T13:56:19Z",
+    "git_url": "git://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy.git",
+    "ssh_url": "git@github.com:binwiederhier/ntfy.git",
+    "clone_url": "https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy.git",
+    "svn_url": "https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy",
+    "homepage": "https://ntfy.sh",
+    "size": 36740,
+    "stargazers_count": 25111,
+    "watchers_count": 25111,
+    "language": "Go",
+    "has_issues": true,
+    "has_projects": true,
+    "has_downloads": true,
+    "has_wiki": true,
+    "has_pages": false,
+    "has_discussions": false,
+    "forks_count": 984,
+    "mirror_url": null,
+    "archived": false,
+    "disabled": false,
+    "open_issues_count": 367,
+    "license": {
+      "key": "apache-2.0",
+      "name": "Apache License 2.0",
+      "spdx_id": "Apache-2.0",
+      "url": "https://api.github.com/licenses/apache-2.0",
+      "node_id": "MDc6TGljZW5zZTI="
+    },
+    "allow_forking": true,
+    "is_template": false,
+    "web_commit_signoff_required": false,
+    "topics": [
+      "curl",
+      "notifications",
+      "ntfy",
+      "ntfysh",
+      "pubsub",
+      "push-notifications",
+      "rest-api"
+    ],
+    "visibility": "public",
+    "forks": 984,
+    "open_issues": 367,
+    "watchers": 25111,
+    "default_branch": "main"
+  },
+  "sender": {
+    "login": "wunter8",
+    "id": 8421688,
+    "node_id": "MDQ6VXNlcjg0MjE2ODg=",
+    "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8421688?v=4",
+    "gravatar_id": "",
+    "url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8",
+    "html_url": "https://github.com/wunter8",
+    "followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/followers",
+    "following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/following{/other_user}",
+    "gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/gists{/gist_id}",
+    "starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/starred{/owner}{/repo}",
+    "subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/subscriptions",
+    "organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/orgs",
+    "repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/repos",
+    "events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/events{/privacy}",
+    "received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/wunter8/received_events",
+    "type": "User",
+    "user_view_type": "public",
+    "site_admin": false
+  }
+}

server/testdata/webhook_github_issue_opened.json

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+{
+  "action": "opened",
+  "issue": {
+    "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1391",
+    "repository_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy",
+    "labels_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1391/labels{/name}",
+    "comments_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1391/comments",
+    "events_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1391/events",
+    "html_url": "https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1391",
+    "id": 3236389051,
+    "node_id": "I_kwDOGRBhi87A52C7",
+    "number": 1391,
+    "title": "http 500 error (ntfy error 50001)",
+    "user": {
+      "login": "TheUser-dev",
+      "id": 213207407,
+      "node_id": "U_kgDODLVJbw",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/213207407?v=4",
+      "gravatar_id": "",
+      "url": "https://api.github.com/users/TheUser-dev",
+      "html_url": "https://github.com/TheUser-dev",
+      "followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/TheUser-dev/followers",
+      "following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/TheUser-dev/following{/other_user}",
+      "gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/TheUser-dev/gists{/gist_id}",
+      "starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/TheUser-dev/starred{/owner}{/repo}",
+      "subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/TheUser-dev/subscriptions",
+      "organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/TheUser-dev/orgs",
+      "repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/TheUser-dev/repos",
+      "events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/TheUser-dev/events{/privacy}",
+      "received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/TheUser-dev/received_events",
+      "type": "User",
+      "user_view_type": "public",
+      "site_admin": false
+    },
+    "labels": [
+      {
+        "id": 3480884102,
+        "node_id": "LA_kwDOGRBhi87PehOG",
+        "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/labels/%F0%9F%AA%B2%20bug",
+        "name": "🪲 bug",
+        "color": "d73a4a",
+        "default": false,
+        "description": "Something isn't working"
+      }
+    ],
+    "state": "open",
+    "locked": false,
+    "assignee": null,
+    "assignees": [
+    ],
+    "milestone": null,
+    "comments": 0,
+    "created_at": "2025-07-16T15:20:56Z",
+    "updated_at": "2025-07-16T15:20:56Z",
+    "closed_at": null,
+    "author_association": "NONE",
+    "active_lock_reason": null,
+    "sub_issues_summary": {
+      "total": 0,
+      "completed": 0,
+      "percent_completed": 0
+    },
+    "body": ":lady_beetle: **Describe the bug**\nWhen sending a notification (especially when it happens with multiple requests) this error occurs\n\n:computer: **Components impacted**\nntfy server 2.13.0 in docker, debian 12 arm64\n\n:bulb: **Screenshots and/or logs**\n```\nclosed with HTTP 500 (ntfy error 50001) (error=database table is locked, http_method=POST, http_path=/_matrix/push/v1/notify, tag=http, visitor_auth_limiter_limit=0.016666666666666666, visitor_auth_limiter_tokens=30, visitor_id=ip:<edited>, visitor_ip=<edited>, visitor_messages=448, visitor_messages_limit=17280, visitor_messages_remaining=16832, visitor_request_limiter_limit=0.2, visitor_request_limiter_tokens=57.049697891799994, visitor_seen=2025-07-16T15:06:35.429Z)\n```\n\n:crystal_ball: **Additional context**\nLooks like this has already been fixed by #498, regression?\n",
+    "reactions": {
+      "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1391/reactions",
+      "total_count": 0,
+      "+1": 0,
+      "-1": 0,
+      "laugh": 0,
+      "hooray": 0,
+      "confused": 0,
+      "heart": 0,
+      "rocket": 0,
+      "eyes": 0
+    },
+    "timeline_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1391/timeline",
+    "performed_via_github_app": null,
+    "state_reason": null
+  },
+  "repository": {
+    "id": 420503947,
+    "node_id": "R_kgDOGRBhiw",
+    "name": "ntfy",
+    "full_name": "binwiederhier/ntfy",
+    "private": false,
+    "owner": {
+      "login": "binwiederhier",
+      "id": 664597,
+      "node_id": "MDQ6VXNlcjY2NDU5Nw==",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/664597?v=4",
+      "gravatar_id": "",
+      "url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier",
+      "html_url": "https://github.com/binwiederhier",
+      "followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/followers",
+      "following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/following{/other_user}",
+      "gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/gists{/gist_id}",
+      "starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/starred{/owner}{/repo}",
+      "subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/subscriptions",
+      "organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/orgs",
+      "repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/repos",
+      "events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/events{/privacy}",
+      "received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/received_events",
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+      "spdx_id": "Apache-2.0",
+      "url": "https://api.github.com/licenses/apache-2.0",
+      "node_id": "MDc6TGljZW5zZTI="
+    },
+    "allow_forking": true,
+    "is_template": false,
+    "web_commit_signoff_required": false,
+    "topics": [
+      "curl",
+      "notifications",
+      "ntfy",
+      "ntfysh",
+      "pubsub",
+      "push-notifications",
+      "rest-api"
+    ],
+    "visibility": "public",
+    "forks": 984,
+    "open_issues": 368,
+    "watchers": 25112,
+    "default_branch": "main"
+  },
+  "sender": {
+    "login": "mbilby",
+    "id": 51273322,
+    "node_id": "MDQ6VXNlcjUxMjczMzIy",
+    "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/51273322?v=4",
+    "gravatar_id": "",
+    "url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby",
+    "html_url": "https://github.com/mbilby",
+    "followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/followers",
+    "following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/following{/other_user}",
+    "gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/gists{/gist_id}",
+    "starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/starred{/owner}{/repo}",
+    "subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/subscriptions",
+    "organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/orgs",
+    "repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/repos",
+    "events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/events{/privacy}",
+    "received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/received_events",
+    "type": "User",
+    "user_view_type": "public",
+    "site_admin": false
+  }
+}
+

server/testdata/webhook_github_watch_created.json

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+{
+  "action": "started",
+  "repository": {
+    "id": 420503947,
+    "node_id": "R_kgDOGRBhiw",
+    "name": "ntfy",
+    "full_name": "binwiederhier/ntfy",
+    "private": false,
+    "owner": {
+      "login": "binwiederhier",
+      "id": 664597,
+      "node_id": "MDQ6VXNlcjY2NDU5Nw==",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/664597?v=4",
+      "gravatar_id": "",
+      "url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier",
+      "html_url": "https://github.com/binwiederhier",
+      "followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/followers",
+      "following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/following{/other_user}",
+      "gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/gists{/gist_id}",
+      "starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/starred{/owner}{/repo}",
+      "subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/subscriptions",
+      "organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/orgs",
+      "repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/repos",
+      "events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/events{/privacy}",
+      "received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/binwiederhier/received_events",
+      "type": "User",
+      "user_view_type": "public",
+      "site_admin": false
+    },
+    "html_url": "https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy",
+    "description": "Send push notifications to your phone or desktop using PUT/POST",
+    "fork": false,
+    "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy",
+    "forks_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/forks",
+    "keys_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/keys{/key_id}",
+    "collaborators_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/collaborators{/collaborator}",
+    "teams_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/teams",
+    "hooks_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/hooks",
+    "issue_events_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/events{/number}",
+    "events_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/events",
+    "assignees_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/assignees{/user}",
+    "branches_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/branches{/branch}",
+    "tags_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/tags",
+    "blobs_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/git/blobs{/sha}",
+    "git_tags_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/git/tags{/sha}",
+    "git_refs_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/git/refs{/sha}",
+    "trees_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/git/trees{/sha}",
+    "statuses_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/statuses/{sha}",
+    "languages_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/languages",
+    "stargazers_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/stargazers",
+    "contributors_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/contributors",
+    "subscribers_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/subscribers",
+    "subscription_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/subscription",
+    "commits_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/commits{/sha}",
+    "git_commits_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/git/commits{/sha}",
+    "comments_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/comments{/number}",
+    "issue_comment_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/comments{/number}",
+    "contents_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/contents/{+path}",
+    "compare_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/compare/{base}...{head}",
+    "merges_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/merges",
+    "archive_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/{archive_format}{/ref}",
+    "downloads_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/downloads",
+    "issues_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues{/number}",
+    "pulls_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/pulls{/number}",
+    "milestones_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/milestones{/number}",
+    "notifications_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/notifications{?since,all,participating}",
+    "labels_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/labels{/name}",
+    "releases_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/releases{/id}",
+    "deployments_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/binwiederhier/ntfy/deployments",
+    "created_at": "2021-10-23T19:25:32Z",
+    "updated_at": "2025-07-16T12:57:43Z",
+    "pushed_at": "2025-07-16T11:49:26Z",
+    "git_url": "git://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy.git",
+    "ssh_url": "git@github.com:binwiederhier/ntfy.git",
+    "clone_url": "https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy.git",
+    "svn_url": "https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy",
+    "homepage": "https://ntfy.sh",
+    "size": 36831,
+    "stargazers_count": 25112,
+    "watchers_count": 25112,
+    "language": "Go",
+    "has_issues": true,
+    "has_projects": true,
+    "has_downloads": true,
+    "has_wiki": true,
+    "has_pages": false,
+    "has_discussions": false,
+    "forks_count": 984,
+    "mirror_url": null,
+    "archived": false,
+    "disabled": false,
+    "open_issues_count": 368,
+    "license": {
+      "key": "apache-2.0",
+      "name": "Apache License 2.0",
+      "spdx_id": "Apache-2.0",
+      "url": "https://api.github.com/licenses/apache-2.0",
+      "node_id": "MDc6TGljZW5zZTI="
+    },
+    "allow_forking": true,
+    "is_template": false,
+    "web_commit_signoff_required": false,
+    "topics": [
+      "curl",
+      "notifications",
+      "ntfy",
+      "ntfysh",
+      "pubsub",
+      "push-notifications",
+      "rest-api"
+    ],
+    "visibility": "public",
+    "forks": 984,
+    "open_issues": 368,
+    "watchers": 25112,
+    "default_branch": "main"
+  },
+  "sender": {
+    "login": "mbilby",
+    "id": 51273322,
+    "node_id": "MDQ6VXNlcjUxMjczMzIy",
+    "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/51273322?v=4",
+    "gravatar_id": "",
+    "url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby",
+    "html_url": "https://github.com/mbilby",
+    "followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/followers",
+    "following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/following{/other_user}",
+    "gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/gists{/gist_id}",
+    "starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/starred{/owner}{/repo}",
+    "subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/subscriptions",
+    "organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/orgs",
+    "repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/repos",
+    "events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/events{/privacy}",
+    "received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/mbilby/received_events",
+    "type": "User",
+    "user_view_type": "public",
+    "site_admin": false
+  }
+}

server/testdata/webhook_grafana_resolved.json

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+{
+  "receiver": "ntfy\\.example\\.com/alerts",
+  "status": "resolved",
+  "alerts": [
+    {
+      "status": "resolved",
+      "labels": {
+        "alertname": "Load avg 15m too high",
+        "grafana_folder": "Node alerts",
+        "instance": "10.108.0.2:9100",
+        "job": "node-exporter"
+      },
+      "annotations": {
+        "summary": "15m load average too high"
+      },
+      "startsAt": "2024-03-15T02:28:00Z",
+      "endsAt": "2024-03-15T02:42:00Z",
+      "generatorURL": "localhost:3000/alerting/grafana/NW9oDw-4z/view",
+      "fingerprint": "becbfb94bd81ef48",
+      "silenceURL": "localhost:3000/alerting/silence/new?alertmanager=grafana&matcher=alertname%3DLoad+avg+15m+too+high&matcher=grafana_folder%3DNode+alerts&matcher=instance%3D10.108.0.2%3A9100&matcher=job%3Dnode-exporter",
+      "dashboardURL": "",
+      "panelURL": "",
+      "values": {
+        "B": 18.98211314475876,
+        "C": 0
+      },
+      "valueString": "[ var='B' labels={__name__=node_load15, instance=10.108.0.2:9100, job=node-exporter} value=18.98211314475876 ], [ var='C' labels={__name__=node_load15, instance=10.108.0.2:9100, job=node-exporter} value=0 ]"
+    }
+  ],
+  "groupLabels": {
+    "alertname": "Load avg 15m too high",
+    "grafana_folder": "Node alerts"
+  },
+  "commonLabels": {
+    "alertname": "Load avg 15m too high",
+    "grafana_folder": "Node alerts",
+    "instance": "10.108.0.2:9100",
+    "job": "node-exporter"
+  },
+  "commonAnnotations": {
+    "summary": "15m load average too high"
+  },
+  "externalURL": "localhost:3000/",
+  "version": "1",
+  "groupKey": "{}:{alertname=\"Load avg 15m too high\", grafana_folder=\"Node alerts\"}",
+  "truncatedAlerts": 0,
+  "orgId": 1,
+  "title": "[RESOLVED] Load avg 15m too high Node alerts (10.108.0.2:9100 node-exporter)",
+  "state": "ok",
+  "message": "**Resolved**\n\nValue: B=18.98211314475876, C=0\nLabels:\n - alertname = Load avg 15m too high\n - grafana_folder = Node alerts\n - instance = 10.108.0.2:9100\n - job = node-exporter\n"
+}

server/topic_test.go

@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestTopic_CancelSubscribersExceptUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	subFn := func(v *visitor, msg *message) error {
 		return nil
 	}

server/types.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/log"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
-
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
 )
 
@@ -105,6 +104,8 @@ type publishMessage struct {
 	Filename string   `json:"filename"`
 	Email    string   `json:"email"`
 	Call     string   `json:"call"`
+	Cache    string   `json:"cache"`    // use string as it defaults to true (or use &bool instead)
+	Firebase string   `json:"firebase"` // use string as it defaults to true (or use &bool instead)
 	Delay    string   `json:"delay"`
 }
 
@@ -169,8 +170,12 @@ func (t sinceMarker) IsNone() bool {
 	return t == sinceNoMessages
 }
 
+func (t sinceMarker) IsLatest() bool {
+	return t == sinceLatestMessage
+}
+
 func (t sinceMarker) IsID() bool {
-	return t.id != ""
+	return t.id != "" && t.id != "latest"
 }
 
 func (t sinceMarker) Time() time.Time {
@@ -182,8 +187,9 @@ func (t sinceMarker) ID() string {
 }
 
 var (
-	sinceAllMessages = sinceMarker{time.Unix(0, 0), ""}
-	sinceNoMessages  = sinceMarker{time.Unix(1, 0), ""}
+	sinceAllMessages   = sinceMarker{time.Unix(0, 0), ""}
+	sinceNoMessages    = sinceMarker{time.Unix(1, 0), ""}
+	sinceLatestMessage = sinceMarker{time.Unix(0, 0), "latest"}
 )
 
 type queryFilter struct {
@@ -239,6 +245,24 @@ func (q *queryFilter) Pass(msg *message) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+type templateMode string
+
+func (t templateMode) Enabled() bool {
+	return t != ""
+}
+
+func (t templateMode) Name() string {
+	if isBoolValue(string(t)) {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return string(t)
+}
+
+type templateFile struct {
+	Title   *string `yaml:"title"`
+	Message *string `yaml:"message"`
+}
+
 type apiHealthResponse struct {
 	Healthy bool `json:"healthy"`
 }
@@ -248,9 +272,10 @@ type apiStatsResponse struct {
 	MessagesRate float64 `json:"messages_rate"` // Average number of messages per second
 }
 
-type apiUserAddRequest struct {
+type apiUserAddOrUpdateRequest struct {
 	Username string `json:"username"`
 	Password string `json:"password"`
+	Hash     string `json:"hash"`
 	Tier     string `json:"tier"`
 	// Do not add 'role' here. We don't want to add admins via the API.
 }

server/util.go

@@ -4,18 +4,30 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
 	"io"
 	"mime"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/netip"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
+
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
 )
 
 var (
-	mimeDecoder               mime.WordDecoder
+	mimeDecoder mime.WordDecoder
+
+	// priorityHeaderIgnoreRegex matches specific patterns of the "Priority" header (RFC 9218), so that it can be ignored
 	priorityHeaderIgnoreRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^u=\d,\s*(i|\d)$|^u=\d$`)
+
+	// forwardedHeaderRegex parses IPv4 and IPv6 addresses from the "Forwarded" header (RFC 7239)
+	// IPv6 addresses in Forwarded header are enclosed in square brackets. The port is optional.
+	//
+	// Examples:
+	//  for="1.2.3.4"
+	//  for="[2001:db8::1]"; for=1.2.3.4:8080, by=phil
+	//  for="1.2.3.4:8080"
+	forwardedHeaderRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)\bfor="?(\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}|\[[0-9a-f:]+])(?::\d+)?"?`)
 )
 
 func readBoolParam(r *http.Request, defaultValue bool, names ...string) bool {
@@ -34,15 +46,11 @@ func toBool(value string) bool {
 	return value == "1" || value == "yes" || value == "true"
 }
 
-func readCommaSeparatedParam(r *http.Request, names ...string) (params []string) {
-	paramStr := readParam(r, names...)
-	if paramStr != "" {
-		params = make([]string, 0)
-		for _, s := range util.SplitNoEmpty(paramStr, ",") {
-			params = append(params, strings.TrimSpace(s))
-		}
+func readCommaSeparatedParam(r *http.Request, names ...string) []string {
+	if paramStr := readParam(r, names...); paramStr != "" {
+		return util.Map(util.SplitNoEmpty(paramStr, ","), strings.TrimSpace)
 	}
-	return params
+	return []string{}
 }
 
 func readParam(r *http.Request, names ...string) string {
@@ -73,34 +81,68 @@ func readQueryParam(r *http.Request, names ...string) string {
 	return ""
 }
 
-func extractIPAddress(r *http.Request, behindProxy bool) netip.Addr {
-	remoteAddr := r.RemoteAddr
-	addrPort, err := netip.ParseAddrPort(remoteAddr)
-	ip := addrPort.Addr()
+// extractIPAddress extracts the IP address of the visitor from the request,
+// either from the TCP socket or from a proxy header.
+func extractIPAddress(r *http.Request, behindProxy bool, proxyForwardedHeader string, proxyTrustedPrefixes []netip.Prefix) netip.Addr {
+	if behindProxy && proxyForwardedHeader != "" {
+		if addr, err := extractIPAddressFromHeader(r, proxyForwardedHeader, proxyTrustedPrefixes); err == nil {
+			return addr
+		}
+		// Fall back to the remote address if the header is not found or invalid
+	}
+	addrPort, err := netip.ParseAddrPort(r.RemoteAddr)
 	if err != nil {
-		// This should not happen in real life; only in tests. So, using falling back to 0.0.0.0 if address unspecified
-		ip, err = netip.ParseAddr(remoteAddr)
-		if err != nil {
-			ip = netip.IPv4Unspecified()
-			if remoteAddr != "@" || !behindProxy { // RemoteAddr is @ when unix socket is used
-				logr(r).Err(err).Warn("unable to parse IP (%s), new visitor with unspecified IP (0.0.0.0) created", remoteAddr)
+		logr(r).Err(err).Warn("unable to parse IP (%s), new visitor with unspecified IP (0.0.0.0) created", r.RemoteAddr)
+		return netip.IPv4Unspecified()
+	}
+	return addrPort.Addr()
+}
+
+// extractIPAddressFromHeader extracts the last IP address from the specified header.
+//
+// It supports multiple formats:
+// - single IP address
+// - comma-separated list
+// - RFC 7239-style list (Forwarded header)
+//
+// If there are multiple addresses, we first remove the trusted IP addresses from the list, and
+// then take the right-most address in the list (as this is the one added by our proxy server).
+// See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Forwarded-For for details.
+func extractIPAddressFromHeader(r *http.Request, forwardedHeader string, trustedPrefixes []netip.Prefix) (netip.Addr, error) {
+	value := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(r.Header.Get(forwardedHeader)))
+	if value == "" {
+		return netip.IPv4Unspecified(), fmt.Errorf("no %s header found", forwardedHeader)
+	}
+	// Extract valid addresses
+	addrsStrs := util.Map(util.SplitNoEmpty(value, ","), strings.TrimSpace)
+	var validAddrs []netip.Addr
+	for _, addrStr := range addrsStrs {
+		// Handle Forwarded header with for="[IPv6]" or for="IPv4"
+		if m := forwardedHeaderRegex.FindStringSubmatch(addrStr); len(m) == 2 {
+			addrRaw := m[1]
+			if strings.HasPrefix(addrRaw, "[") && strings.HasSuffix(addrRaw, "]") {
+				addrRaw = addrRaw[1 : len(addrRaw)-1]
+			}
+			if addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(addrRaw); err == nil {
+				validAddrs = append(validAddrs, addr)
+			}
+		} else if addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(addrStr); err == nil {
+			validAddrs = append(validAddrs, addr)
+		}
+	}
+	// Filter out proxy addresses
+	clientAddrs := util.Filter(validAddrs, func(addr netip.Addr) bool {
+		for _, prefix := range trustedPrefixes {
+			if prefix.Contains(addr) {
+				return false // Address is in the trusted range, ignore it
 			}
 		}
+		return true
+	})
+	if len(clientAddrs) == 0 {
+		return netip.IPv4Unspecified(), fmt.Errorf("no client IP address found in %s header: %s", forwardedHeader, value)
 	}
-	if behindProxy && strings.TrimSpace(r.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-For")) != "" {
-		// X-Forwarded-For can contain multiple addresses (see #328). If we are behind a proxy,
-		// only the right-most address can be trusted (as this is the one added by our proxy server).
-		// See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Forwarded-For for details.
-		ips := util.SplitNoEmpty(r.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-For"), ",")
-		realIP, err := netip.ParseAddr(strings.TrimSpace(util.LastString(ips, remoteAddr)))
-		if err != nil {
-			logr(r).Err(err).Error("invalid IP address %s received in X-Forwarded-For header", ip)
-			// Fall back to regular remote address if X-Forwarded-For is damaged
-		} else {
-			ip = realIP
-		}
-	}
-	return ip
+	return clientAddrs[len(clientAddrs)-1], nil
 }
 
 func readJSONWithLimit[T any](r io.ReadCloser, limit int, allowEmpty bool) (*T, error) {
@@ -133,7 +175,7 @@ func fromContext[T any](r *http.Request, key contextKey) (T, error) {
 
 // maybeDecodeHeader decodes the given header value if it is MIME encoded, e.g. "=?utf-8?q?Hello_World?=",
 // or returns the original header value if it is not MIME encoded. It also calls maybeIgnoreSpecialHeader
-// to ignore new HTTP "Priority" header.
+// to ignore the new HTTP "Priority" header.
 func maybeDecodeHeader(name, value string) string {
 	decoded, err := mimeDecoder.DecodeHeader(value)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -142,7 +184,7 @@ func maybeDecodeHeader(name, value string) string {
 	return maybeIgnoreSpecialHeader(name, decoded)
 }
 
-// maybeIgnoreSpecialHeader ignores new HTTP "Priority" header (see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-priority)
+// maybeIgnoreSpecialHeader ignores the new HTTP "Priority" header (RFC 9218, see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9218)
 //
 // Cloudflare (and potentially other providers) add this to requests when forwarding to the backend (ntfy),
 // so we just ignore it. If the "Priority" header is set to "u=*, i" or "u=*" (by Cloudflare), the header will be ignored.

server/util_test.go

@@ -4,10 +4,13 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"fmt"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestReadBoolParam(t *testing.T) {
@@ -88,3 +91,74 @@ func TestMaybeDecodeHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	r.Header.Set("X-Priority", "5") // ntfy priority header
 	require.Equal(t, "5", readHeaderParam(r, "x-priority", "priority", "p"))
 }
+
+func TestExtractIPAddress(t *testing.T) {
+	r, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://ntfy.sh/mytopic/json?since=all", nil)
+	r.RemoteAddr = "10.0.0.1:1234"
+	r.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", "  1.2.3.4  , 5.6.7.8")
+	r.Header.Set("X-Client-IP", "9.10.11.12")
+	r.Header.Set("X-Real-IP", "13.14.15.16, 1.1.1.1")
+	r.Header.Set("Forwarded", "for=17.18.19.20;by=proxy.example.com, by=2.2.2.2;for=1.1.1.1")
+
+	trustedProxies := []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("1.1.1.1/32")}
+
+	require.Equal(t, "5.6.7.8", extractIPAddress(r, true, "X-Forwarded-For", trustedProxies).String())
+	require.Equal(t, "9.10.11.12", extractIPAddress(r, true, "X-Client-IP", trustedProxies).String())
+	require.Equal(t, "13.14.15.16", extractIPAddress(r, true, "X-Real-IP", trustedProxies).String())
+	require.Equal(t, "17.18.19.20", extractIPAddress(r, true, "Forwarded", trustedProxies).String())
+	require.Equal(t, "10.0.0.1", extractIPAddress(r, false, "X-Forwarded-For", trustedProxies).String())
+}
+
+func TestExtractIPAddress_UnixSocket(t *testing.T) {
+	r, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://ntfy.sh/mytopic/json?since=all", nil)
+	r.RemoteAddr = "@"
+	r.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", "1.2.3.4, 5.6.7.8, 1.1.1.1")
+	r.Header.Set("Forwarded", "by=bla.example.com;for=17.18.19.20")
+
+	trustedProxies := []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("1.1.1.1/32")}
+
+	require.Equal(t, "5.6.7.8", extractIPAddress(r, true, "X-Forwarded-For", trustedProxies).String())
+	require.Equal(t, "17.18.19.20", extractIPAddress(r, true, "Forwarded", trustedProxies).String())
+	require.Equal(t, "0.0.0.0", extractIPAddress(r, false, "X-Forwarded-For", trustedProxies).String())
+}
+
+func TestExtractIPAddress_MixedIPv4IPv6(t *testing.T) {
+	r, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://ntfy.sh/mytopic/json?since=all", nil)
+	r.RemoteAddr = "[2001:db8:abcd::1]:1234"
+	r.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", "1.2.3.4, 2001:db8:abcd::2, 5.6.7.8")
+	trustedProxies := []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.0/24")}
+	require.Equal(t, "5.6.7.8", extractIPAddress(r, true, "X-Forwarded-For", trustedProxies).String())
+}
+
+func TestExtractIPAddress_TrustedIPv6Prefix(t *testing.T) {
+	r, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://ntfy.sh/mytopic/json?since=all", nil)
+	r.RemoteAddr = "[2001:db8:abcd::1]:1234"
+	r.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", "2001:db8:aaaa::1, 2001:db8:aaaa::2, 2001:db8:abcd:2::3")
+	trustedProxies := []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("2001:db8:aaaa::/48")}
+	require.Equal(t, "2001:db8:abcd:2::3", extractIPAddress(r, true, "X-Forwarded-For", trustedProxies).String())
+}
+
+func TestVisitorID(t *testing.T) {
+	confWithDefaults := &Config{
+		VisitorPrefixBitsIPv4: 32,
+		VisitorPrefixBitsIPv6: 64,
+	}
+	confWithShortenedPrefixes := &Config{
+		VisitorPrefixBitsIPv4: 16,
+		VisitorPrefixBitsIPv6: 56,
+	}
+	userWithTier := &user.User{
+		ID:   "u_123",
+		Tier: &user.Tier{},
+	}
+	require.Equal(t, "ip:1.2.3.4", visitorID(netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), nil, confWithDefaults))
+	require.Equal(t, "ip:2a01:599:b26:2397::", visitorID(netip.MustParseAddr("2a01:599:b26:2397:dbe7:5aa2:95ce:1e83"), nil, confWithDefaults))
+	require.Equal(t, "ip:2001:db8:25:86::", visitorID(netip.MustParseAddr("2001:db8:25:86:1::1"), nil, confWithDefaults))
+	require.Equal(t, "ip:2001:db8:25:86::", visitorID(netip.MustParseAddr("2001:db8:25:86:2::1"), nil, confWithDefaults))
+
+	require.Equal(t, "user:u_123", visitorID(netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), userWithTier, confWithDefaults))
+	require.Equal(t, "user:u_123", visitorID(netip.MustParseAddr("2a01:599:b26:2397:dbe7:5aa2:95ce:1e83"), userWithTier, confWithDefaults))
+
+	require.Equal(t, "ip:1.2.0.0", visitorID(netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), nil, confWithShortenedPrefixes))
+	require.Equal(t, "ip:2a01:599:b26:2300::", visitorID(netip.MustParseAddr("2a01:599:b26:2397:dbe7:5aa2:95ce:1e83"), nil, confWithShortenedPrefixes))
+}

server/visitor.go

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ package server
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/log"
-	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
 	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"golang.org/x/time/rate"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/log"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
 )
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func (v *visitor) Context() log.Context {
 func (v *visitor) contextNoLock() log.Context {
 	info := v.infoLightNoLock()
 	fields := log.Context{
-		"visitor_id":                     visitorID(v.ip, v.user),
+		"visitor_id":                     visitorID(v.ip, v.user, v.config),
 		"visitor_ip":                     v.ip.String(),
 		"visitor_seen":                   util.FormatTime(v.seen),
 		"visitor_messages":               info.Stats.Messages,
@@ -524,9 +524,15 @@ func dailyLimitToRate(limit int64) rate.Limit {
 	return rate.Limit(limit) * rate.Every(oneDay)
 }
 
-func visitorID(ip netip.Addr, u *user.User) string {
+// visitorID returns a unique identifier for a visitor based on user or IP, using configurable prefix bits for IPv4/IPv6
+func visitorID(ip netip.Addr, u *user.User, conf *Config) string {
 	if u != nil && u.Tier != nil {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("user:%s", u.ID)
 	}
+	if ip.Is4() {
+		ip = netip.PrefixFrom(ip, conf.VisitorPrefixBitsIPv4).Masked().Addr()
+	} else if ip.Is6() {
+		ip = netip.PrefixFrom(ip, conf.VisitorPrefixBitsIPv6).Masked().Addr()
+	}
 	return fmt.Sprintf("ip:%s", ip.String())
 }

server/webpush_store.go

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ const (
 		);			
 		COMMIT;
 	`
-	builtinStartupQueries = `
+	builtinWebPushStartupQueries = `
 		PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;
 	`
 
@@ -79,8 +79,9 @@ const (
 	deleteWebPushSubscriptionByUserIDQuery    = `DELETE FROM subscription WHERE user_id = ?`
 	deleteWebPushSubscriptionByAgeQuery       = `DELETE FROM subscription WHERE updated_at <= ?` // Full table scan!
 
-	insertWebPushSubscriptionTopicQuery    = `INSERT INTO subscription_topic (subscription_id, topic) VALUES (?, ?)`
-	deleteWebPushSubscriptionTopicAllQuery = `DELETE FROM subscription_topic WHERE subscription_id = ?`
+	insertWebPushSubscriptionTopicQuery               = `INSERT INTO subscription_topic (subscription_id, topic) VALUES (?, ?)`
+	deleteWebPushSubscriptionTopicAllQuery            = `DELETE FROM subscription_topic WHERE subscription_id = ?`
+	deleteWebPushSubscriptionTopicWithoutSubscription = `DELETE FROM subscription_topic WHERE subscription_id NOT IN (SELECT id FROM subscription)`
 )
 
 // Schema management queries
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ func runWebPushStartupQueries(db *sql.DB, startupQueries string) error {
 	if _, err := db.Exec(startupQueries); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if _, err := db.Exec(builtinStartupQueries); err != nil {
+	if _, err := db.Exec(builtinWebPushStartupQueries); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -271,6 +272,10 @@ func (c *webPushStore) RemoveSubscriptionsByUserID(userID string) error {
 // RemoveExpiredSubscriptions removes all subscriptions that have not been updated for a given time period
 func (c *webPushStore) RemoveExpiredSubscriptions(expireAfter time.Duration) error {
 	_, err := c.db.Exec(deleteWebPushSubscriptionByAgeQuery, time.Now().Add(-expireAfter).Unix())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	_, err = c.db.Exec(deleteWebPushSubscriptionTopicWithoutSubscription)
 	return err
 }
 

user/manager.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/log"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
 	"net/netip"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ const (
 	userHardDeleteAfterDuration     = 7 * 24 * time.Hour
 	tokenPrefix                     = "tk_"
 	tokenLength                     = 32
-	tokenMaxCount                   = 20 // Only keep this many tokens in the table per user
+	tokenMaxCount                   = 60 // Only keep this many tokens in the table per user
 	tag                             = "user_manager"
 )
 
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@ const (
 			role TEXT CHECK (role IN ('anonymous', 'admin', 'user')) NOT NULL,
 			prefs JSON NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
 			sync_topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			provisioned INT NOT NULL,
 			stats_messages INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
 			stats_emails INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
 			stats_calls INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
@@ -97,6 +99,7 @@ const (
 			read INT NOT NULL,
 			write INT NOT NULL,
 			owner_user_id INT,
+			provisioned INT NOT NULL,
 			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, topic),
 			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
 		    FOREIGN KEY (owner_user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
@@ -121,8 +124,8 @@ const (
 			id INT PRIMARY KEY,
 			version INT NOT NULL
 		);
-		INSERT INTO user (id, user, pass, role, sync_topic, created)
-		VALUES ('` + everyoneID + `', '*', '', 'anonymous', '', UNIXEPOCH())
+		INSERT INTO user (id, user, pass, role, sync_topic, provisioned, created)
+		VALUES ('` + everyoneID + `', '*', '', 'anonymous', '', false, UNIXEPOCH())
 		ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING;
 		COMMIT;
 	`
@@ -132,26 +135,26 @@ const (
 	`
 
 	selectUserByIDQuery = `
-		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
 		FROM user u
 		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
 		WHERE u.id = ?
 	`
 	selectUserByNameQuery = `
-		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
 		FROM user u
 		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
 		WHERE user = ?
 	`
 	selectUserByTokenQuery = `
-		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
 		FROM user u
 		JOIN user_token tk on u.id = tk.user_id
 		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
 		WHERE tk.token = ? AND (tk.expires = 0 OR tk.expires >= ?)
 	`
 	selectUserByStripeCustomerIDQuery = `
-		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
 		FROM user u
 		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
 		WHERE u.stripe_customer_id = ?
@@ -165,8 +168,8 @@ const (
 	`
 
 	insertUserQuery = `
-		INSERT INTO user (id, user, pass, role, sync_topic, created)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		INSERT INTO user (id, user, pass, role, sync_topic, provisioned, created)
+		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
 	`
 	selectUsernamesQuery = `
 		SELECT user
@@ -189,18 +192,18 @@ const (
 	deleteUserQuery              = `DELETE FROM user WHERE user = ?`
 
 	upsertUserAccessQuery = `
-		INSERT INTO user_access (user_id, topic, read, write, owner_user_id)
-		VALUES ((SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?), ?, ?, ?, (SELECT IIF(?='',NULL,(SELECT id FROM user WHERE user=?))))
+		INSERT INTO user_access (user_id, topic, read, write, owner_user_id, provisioned)
+		VALUES ((SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?), ?, ?, ?, (SELECT IIF(?='',NULL,(SELECT id FROM user WHERE user=?))), ?)
 		ON CONFLICT (user_id, topic)
-		DO UPDATE SET read=excluded.read, write=excluded.write, owner_user_id=excluded.owner_user_id
+		DO UPDATE SET read=excluded.read, write=excluded.write, owner_user_id=excluded.owner_user_id, provisioned=excluded.provisioned
 	`
 	selectUserAllAccessQuery = `
-		SELECT user_id, topic, read, write
+		SELECT user_id, topic, read, write, provisioned
 		FROM user_access
 		ORDER BY LENGTH(topic) DESC, write DESC, read DESC, topic
 	`
 	selectUserAccessQuery = `
-		SELECT topic, read, write
+		SELECT topic, read, write, provisioned
 		FROM user_access
 		WHERE user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
 		ORDER BY LENGTH(topic) DESC, write DESC, read DESC, topic
@@ -244,7 +247,8 @@ const (
 		WHERE user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
 		   OR owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
 	`
-	deleteTopicAccessQuery = `
+	deleteUserAccessProvisionedQuery = `DELETE FROM user_access WHERE provisioned = 1`
+	deleteTopicAccessQuery           = `
 		DELETE FROM user_access
 	   	WHERE (user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?) OR owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?))
 	   	  AND topic = ?
@@ -312,7 +316,7 @@ const (
 
 // Schema management queries
 const (
-	currentSchemaVersion     = 5
+	currentSchemaVersion     = 6
 	insertSchemaVersion      = `INSERT INTO schemaVersion VALUES (1, ?)`
 	updateSchemaVersion      = `UPDATE schemaVersion SET version = ? WHERE id = 1`
 	selectSchemaVersionQuery = `SELECT version FROM schemaVersion WHERE id = 1`
@@ -427,6 +431,82 @@ const (
 	migrate4To5UpdateQueries = `
 		UPDATE user_access SET topic = REPLACE(topic, '_', '\_');
 	`
+
+	// 5 -> 6
+	migrate5To6UpdateQueries = `
+		PRAGMA foreign_keys=off;
+
+		-- Alter user table: Add provisioned column
+		ALTER TABLE user RENAME TO user_old;
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user (
+		    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			tier_id TEXT,
+			user TEXT NOT NULL,
+			pass TEXT NOT NULL,
+			role TEXT CHECK (role IN ('anonymous', 'admin', 'user')) NOT NULL,
+			prefs JSON NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
+			sync_topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			provisioned INT NOT NULL,
+			stats_messages INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stats_emails INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stats_calls INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stripe_customer_id TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_id TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_status TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_interval TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_paid_until INT,
+			stripe_subscription_cancel_at INT,
+			created INT NOT NULL,
+			deleted INT,
+		    FOREIGN KEY (tier_id) REFERENCES tier (id)
+		);
+		INSERT INTO user
+		SELECT
+		    id,
+		    tier_id,
+		    user,
+		    pass,
+		    role,
+		    prefs,
+		    sync_topic,
+		    0,
+		    stats_messages,
+		    stats_emails,
+		    stats_calls,
+		    stripe_customer_id,
+		    stripe_subscription_id,
+		    stripe_subscription_status,
+		    stripe_subscription_interval,
+		    stripe_subscription_paid_until,
+		    stripe_subscription_cancel_at,
+		    created, deleted
+		FROM user_old;
+		DROP TABLE user_old;
+
+		-- Alter user_access table: Add provisioned column
+		ALTER TABLE user_access RENAME TO user_access_old;
+		CREATE TABLE user_access (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			read INT NOT NULL,
+			write INT NOT NULL,
+			owner_user_id INT,
+			provisioned INTEGER NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, topic),
+			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+			FOREIGN KEY (owner_user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+		);
+		INSERT INTO user_access SELECT *, 0 FROM user_access_old;
+		DROP TABLE user_access_old;
+
+		-- Recreate indices
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user ON user (user);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_stripe_customer_id ON user (stripe_customer_id);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_stripe_subscription_id ON user (stripe_subscription_id);
+
+		-- Re-enable foreign keys
+		PRAGMA foreign_keys=on;
+	`
 )
 
 var (
@@ -435,42 +515,69 @@ var (
 		2: migrateFrom2,
 		3: migrateFrom3,
 		4: migrateFrom4,
+		5: migrateFrom5,
 	}
 )
 
 // Manager is an implementation of Manager. It stores users and access control list
 // in a SQLite database.
 type Manager struct {
-	db            *sql.DB
-	defaultAccess Permission              // Default permission if no ACL matches
-	statsQueue    map[string]*Stats       // "Queue" to asynchronously write user stats to the database (UserID -> Stats)
-	tokenQueue    map[string]*TokenUpdate // "Queue" to asynchronously write token access stats to the database (Token ID -> TokenUpdate)
-	bcryptCost    int                     // Makes testing easier
-	mu            sync.Mutex
+	config     *Config
+	db         *sql.DB
+	statsQueue map[string]*Stats       // "Queue" to asynchronously write user stats to the database (UserID -> Stats)
+	tokenQueue map[string]*TokenUpdate // "Queue" to asynchronously write token access stats to the database (Token ID -> TokenUpdate)
+	mu         sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// Config holds the configuration for the user Manager
+type Config struct {
+	Filename            string              // Database filename, e.g. "/var/lib/ntfy/user.db"
+	StartupQueries      string              // Queries to run on startup, e.g. to create initial users or tiers
+	DefaultAccess       Permission          // Default permission if no ACL matches
+	ProvisionEnabled    bool                // Enable auto-provisioning of users and access grants, disabled for "ntfy user" commands
+	ProvisionUsers      []*User             // Predefined users to create on startup
+	ProvisionAccess     map[string][]*Grant // Predefined access grants to create on startup
+	QueueWriterInterval time.Duration       // Interval for the async queue writer to flush stats and token updates to the database
+	BcryptCost          int                 // Cost of generated passwords; lowering makes testing faster
 }
 
 var _ Auther = (*Manager)(nil)
 
 // NewManager creates a new Manager instance
-func NewManager(filename, startupQueries string, defaultAccess Permission, bcryptCost int, queueWriterInterval time.Duration) (*Manager, error) {
-	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filename)
+func NewManager(config *Config) (*Manager, error) {
+	// Set defaults
+	if config.BcryptCost <= 0 {
+		config.BcryptCost = DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost
+	}
+	if config.QueueWriterInterval.Seconds() <= 0 {
+		config.QueueWriterInterval = DefaultUserStatsQueueWriterInterval
+	}
+	// Check the parent directory of the database file (makes for friendly error messages)
+	parentDir := filepath.Dir(config.Filename)
+	if !util.FileExists(parentDir) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("user database directory %s does not exist or is not accessible", parentDir)
+	}
+	// Open DB and run setup queries
+	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", config.Filename)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if err := setupDB(db); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if err := runStartupQueries(db, startupQueries); err != nil {
+	if err := runStartupQueries(db, config.StartupQueries); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	manager := &Manager{
-		db:            db,
-		defaultAccess: defaultAccess,
-		statsQueue:    make(map[string]*Stats),
-		tokenQueue:    make(map[string]*TokenUpdate),
-		bcryptCost:    bcryptCost,
+		db:         db,
+		config:     config,
+		statsQueue: make(map[string]*Stats),
+		tokenQueue: make(map[string]*TokenUpdate),
 	}
-	go manager.asyncQueueWriter(queueWriterInterval)
+	if err := manager.maybeProvisionUsersAndAccess(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	go manager.asyncQueueWriter(config.QueueWriterInterval)
 	return manager, nil
 }
 
@@ -567,7 +674,7 @@ func (a *Manager) Tokens(userID string) ([]*Token, error) {
 	tokens := make([]*Token, 0)
 	for {
 		token, err := a.readToken(rows)
-		if err == ErrTokenNotFound {
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrTokenNotFound) {
 			break
 		} else if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -843,7 +950,7 @@ func (a *Manager) Authorize(user *User, topic string, perm Permission) error {
 	}
 	defer rows.Close()
 	if !rows.Next() {
-		return a.resolvePerms(a.defaultAccess, perm)
+		return a.resolvePerms(a.config.DefaultAccess, perm)
 	}
 	var read, write bool
 	if err := rows.Scan(&read, &write); err != nil {
@@ -864,18 +971,34 @@ func (a *Manager) resolvePerms(base, perm Permission) error {
 }
 
 // AddUser adds a user with the given username, password and role
-func (a *Manager) AddUser(username, password string, role Role) error {
+func (a *Manager) AddUser(username, password string, role Role, hashed bool) error {
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.addUserTx(tx, username, password, role, hashed, false)
+	})
+}
+
+// AddUser adds a user with the given username, password and role
+func (a *Manager) addUserTx(tx *sql.Tx, username, password string, role Role, hashed, provisioned bool) error {
 	if !AllowedUsername(username) || !AllowedRole(role) {
 		return ErrInvalidArgument
 	}
-	hash, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(password), a.bcryptCost)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+	var hash string
+	var err error = nil
+	if hashed {
+		hash = password
+		if err := AllowedPasswordHash(hash); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		hash, err = a.HashPassword(password)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 	userID := util.RandomStringPrefix(userIDPrefix, userIDLength)
 	syncTopic, now := util.RandomStringPrefix(syncTopicPrefix, syncTopicLength), time.Now().Unix()
-	if _, err = a.db.Exec(insertUserQuery, userID, username, hash, role, syncTopic, now); err != nil {
-		if sqliteErr, ok := err.(sqlite3.Error); ok && sqliteErr.ExtendedCode == sqlite3.ErrConstraintUnique {
+	if _, err = tx.Exec(insertUserQuery, userID, username, hash, role, syncTopic, provisioned, now); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, sqlite3.ErrConstraintUnique) {
 			return ErrUserExists
 		}
 		return err
@@ -886,11 +1009,17 @@ func (a *Manager) AddUser(username, password string, role Role) error {
 // RemoveUser deletes the user with the given username. The function returns nil on success, even
 // if the user did not exist in the first place.
 func (a *Manager) RemoveUser(username string) error {
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.removeUserTx(tx, username)
+	})
+}
+
+func (a *Manager) removeUserTx(tx *sql.Tx, username string) error {
 	if !AllowedUsername(username) {
 		return ErrInvalidArgument
 	}
 	// Rows in user_access, user_token, etc. are deleted via foreign keys
-	if _, err := a.db.Exec(deleteUserQuery, username); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(deleteUserQuery, username); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -1004,24 +1133,26 @@ func (a *Manager) userByToken(token string) (*User, error) {
 func (a *Manager) readUser(rows *sql.Rows) (*User, error) {
 	defer rows.Close()
 	var id, username, hash, role, prefs, syncTopic string
+	var provisioned bool
 	var stripeCustomerID, stripeSubscriptionID, stripeSubscriptionStatus, stripeSubscriptionInterval, stripeMonthlyPriceID, stripeYearlyPriceID, tierID, tierCode, tierName sql.NullString
 	var messages, emails, calls int64
 	var messagesLimit, messagesExpiryDuration, emailsLimit, callsLimit, reservationsLimit, attachmentFileSizeLimit, attachmentTotalSizeLimit, attachmentExpiryDuration, attachmentBandwidthLimit, stripeSubscriptionPaidUntil, stripeSubscriptionCancelAt, deleted sql.NullInt64
 	if !rows.Next() {
 		return nil, ErrUserNotFound
 	}
-	if err := rows.Scan(&id, &username, &hash, &role, &prefs, &syncTopic, &messages, &emails, &calls, &stripeCustomerID, &stripeSubscriptionID, &stripeSubscriptionStatus, &stripeSubscriptionInterval, &stripeSubscriptionPaidUntil, &stripeSubscriptionCancelAt, &deleted, &tierID, &tierCode, &tierName, &messagesLimit, &messagesExpiryDuration, &emailsLimit, &callsLimit, &reservationsLimit, &attachmentFileSizeLimit, &attachmentTotalSizeLimit, &attachmentExpiryDuration, &attachmentBandwidthLimit, &stripeMonthlyPriceID, &stripeYearlyPriceID); err != nil {
+	if err := rows.Scan(&id, &username, &hash, &role, &prefs, &syncTopic, &provisioned, &messages, &emails, &calls, &stripeCustomerID, &stripeSubscriptionID, &stripeSubscriptionStatus, &stripeSubscriptionInterval, &stripeSubscriptionPaidUntil, &stripeSubscriptionCancelAt, &deleted, &tierID, &tierCode, &tierName, &messagesLimit, &messagesExpiryDuration, &emailsLimit, &callsLimit, &reservationsLimit, &attachmentFileSizeLimit, &attachmentTotalSizeLimit, &attachmentExpiryDuration, &attachmentBandwidthLimit, &stripeMonthlyPriceID, &stripeYearlyPriceID); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	user := &User{
-		ID:        id,
-		Name:      username,
-		Hash:      hash,
-		Role:      Role(role),
-		Prefs:     &Prefs{},
-		SyncTopic: syncTopic,
+		ID:          id,
+		Name:        username,
+		Hash:        hash,
+		Role:        Role(role),
+		Prefs:       &Prefs{},
+		SyncTopic:   syncTopic,
+		Provisioned: provisioned,
 		Stats: &Stats{
 			Messages: messages,
 			Emails:   emails,
@@ -1072,8 +1203,8 @@ func (a *Manager) AllGrants() (map[string][]Grant, error) {
 	grants := make(map[string][]Grant, 0)
 	for rows.Next() {
 		var userID, topic string
-		var read, write bool
-		if err := rows.Scan(&userID, &topic, &read, &write); err != nil {
+		var read, write, provisioned bool
+		if err := rows.Scan(&userID, &topic, &read, &write, &provisioned); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -1083,7 +1214,8 @@ func (a *Manager) AllGrants() (map[string][]Grant, error) {
 		}
 		grants[userID] = append(grants[userID], Grant{
 			TopicPattern: fromSQLWildcard(topic),
-			Allow:        NewPermission(read, write),
+			Permission:   NewPermission(read, write),
+			Provisioned:  provisioned,
 		})
 	}
 	return grants, nil
@@ -1099,15 +1231,16 @@ func (a *Manager) Grants(username string) ([]Grant, error) {
 	grants := make([]Grant, 0)
 	for rows.Next() {
 		var topic string
-		var read, write bool
-		if err := rows.Scan(&topic, &read, &write); err != nil {
+		var read, write, provisioned bool
+		if err := rows.Scan(&topic, &read, &write, &provisioned); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		grants = append(grants, Grant{
 			TopicPattern: fromSQLWildcard(topic),
-			Allow:        NewPermission(read, write),
+			Permission:   NewPermission(read, write),
+			Provisioned:  provisioned,
 		})
 	}
 	return grants, nil
@@ -1192,12 +1325,27 @@ func (a *Manager) ReservationOwner(topic string) (string, error) {
 }
 
 // ChangePassword changes a user's password
-func (a *Manager) ChangePassword(username, password string) error {
-	hash, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(password), a.bcryptCost)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+func (a *Manager) ChangePassword(username, password string, hashed bool) error {
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.changePasswordTx(tx, username, password, hashed)
+	})
+}
+
+func (a *Manager) changePasswordTx(tx *sql.Tx, username, password string, hashed bool) error {
+	var hash string
+	var err error
+	if hashed {
+		hash = password
+		if err := AllowedPasswordHash(hash); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		hash, err = a.HashPassword(password)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
-	if _, err := a.db.Exec(updateUserPassQuery, hash, username); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(updateUserPassQuery, hash, username); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -1206,14 +1354,20 @@ func (a *Manager) ChangePassword(username, password string) error {
 // ChangeRole changes a user's role. When a role is changed from RoleUser to RoleAdmin,
 // all existing access control entries (Grant) are removed, since they are no longer needed.
 func (a *Manager) ChangeRole(username string, role Role) error {
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.changeRoleTx(tx, username, role)
+	})
+}
+
+func (a *Manager) changeRoleTx(tx *sql.Tx, username string, role Role) error {
 	if !AllowedUsername(username) || !AllowedRole(role) {
 		return ErrInvalidArgument
 	}
-	if _, err := a.db.Exec(updateUserRoleQuery, string(role), username); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(updateUserRoleQuery, string(role), username); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if role == RoleAdmin {
-		if _, err := a.db.Exec(deleteUserAccessQuery, username, username); err != nil {
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(deleteUserAccessQuery, username, username); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -1293,13 +1447,19 @@ func (a *Manager) AllowReservation(username string, topic string) error {
 // read/write access to a topic. The parameter topicPattern may include wildcards (*). The ACL entry
 // owner may either be a user (username), or the system (empty).
 func (a *Manager) AllowAccess(username string, topicPattern string, permission Permission) error {
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		return a.allowAccessTx(tx, username, topicPattern, permission, false)
+	})
+}
+
+func (a *Manager) allowAccessTx(tx *sql.Tx, username string, topicPattern string, permission Permission, provisioned bool) error {
 	if !AllowedUsername(username) && username != Everyone {
 		return ErrInvalidArgument
 	} else if !AllowedTopicPattern(topicPattern) {
 		return ErrInvalidArgument
 	}
 	owner := ""
-	if _, err := a.db.Exec(upsertUserAccessQuery, username, toSQLWildcard(topicPattern), permission.IsRead(), permission.IsWrite(), owner, owner); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(upsertUserAccessQuery, username, toSQLWildcard(topicPattern), permission.IsRead(), permission.IsWrite(), owner, owner, provisioned); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -1336,10 +1496,10 @@ func (a *Manager) AddReservation(username string, topic string, everyone Permiss
 		return err
 	}
 	defer tx.Rollback()
-	if _, err := tx.Exec(upsertUserAccessQuery, username, escapeUnderscore(topic), true, true, username, username); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(upsertUserAccessQuery, username, escapeUnderscore(topic), true, true, username, username, false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if _, err := tx.Exec(upsertUserAccessQuery, Everyone, escapeUnderscore(topic), everyone.IsRead(), everyone.IsWrite(), username, username); err != nil {
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(upsertUserAccessQuery, Everyone, escapeUnderscore(topic), everyone.IsRead(), everyone.IsWrite(), username, username, false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return tx.Commit()
@@ -1374,7 +1534,7 @@ func (a *Manager) RemoveReservations(username string, topics ...string) error {
 
 // DefaultAccess returns the default read/write access if no access control entry matches
 func (a *Manager) DefaultAccess() Permission {
-	return a.defaultAccess
+	return a.config.DefaultAccess
 }
 
 // AddTier creates a new tier in the database
@@ -1487,11 +1647,81 @@ func (a *Manager) readTier(rows *sql.Rows) (*Tier, error) {
 	}, nil
 }
 
+// HashPassword hashes the given password using bcrypt with the configured cost
+func (a *Manager) HashPassword(password string) (string, error) {
+	hash, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(password), a.config.BcryptCost)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return string(hash), nil
+}
+
 // Close closes the underlying database
 func (a *Manager) Close() error {
 	return a.db.Close()
 }
 
+func (a *Manager) maybeProvisionUsersAndAccess() error {
+	if !a.config.ProvisionEnabled {
+		return nil
+	}
+	users, err := a.Users()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	provisionUsernames := util.Map(a.config.ProvisionUsers, func(u *User) string {
+		return u.Name
+	})
+	return execTx(a.db, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
+		// Remove users that are provisioned, but not in the config anymore
+		for _, user := range users {
+			if user.Name == Everyone {
+				continue
+			} else if user.Provisioned && !util.Contains(provisionUsernames, user.Name) {
+				log.Tag(tag).Info("Removing previously provisioned user %s", user.Name)
+				if err := a.removeUserTx(tx, user.Name); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed to remove provisioned user %s: %v", user.Name, err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// Add or update provisioned users
+		for _, user := range a.config.ProvisionUsers {
+			if user.Name == Everyone {
+				continue
+			}
+			existingUser, exists := util.Find(users, func(u *User) bool {
+				return u.Name == user.Name
+			})
+			if !exists {
+				log.Tag(tag).Info("Adding provisioned user %s", user.Name)
+				if err := a.addUserTx(tx, user.Name, user.Hash, user.Role, true, true); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrUserExists) {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed to add provisioned user %s: %v", user.Name, err)
+				}
+			} else if existingUser.Provisioned && (existingUser.Hash != user.Hash || existingUser.Role != user.Role) {
+				log.Tag(tag).Info("Updating provisioned user %s", user.Name)
+				if err := a.changePasswordTx(tx, user.Name, user.Hash, true); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed to change password for provisioned user %s: %v", user.Name, err)
+				}
+				if err := a.changeRoleTx(tx, user.Name, user.Role); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed to change role for provisioned user %s: %v", user.Name, err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// Remove and (re-)add provisioned grants
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(deleteUserAccessProvisionedQuery); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for username, grants := range a.config.ProvisionAccess {
+			for _, grant := range grants {
+				if err := a.allowAccessTx(tx, username, grant.TopicPattern, grant.Permission, true); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
 // toSQLWildcard converts a wildcard string to a SQL wildcard string. It only allows '*' as wildcards,
 // and escapes '_', assuming '\' as escape character.
 func toSQLWildcard(s string) string {
@@ -1663,6 +1893,22 @@ func migrateFrom4(db *sql.DB) error {
 	return tx.Commit()
 }
 
+func migrateFrom5(db *sql.DB) error {
+	log.Tag(tag).Info("Migrating user database schema: from 5 to 6")
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(migrate5To6UpdateQueries); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(updateSchemaVersion, 6); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
 func nullString(s string) sql.NullString {
 	if s == "" {
 		return sql.NullString{}
@@ -1676,3 +1922,18 @@ func nullInt64(v int64) sql.NullInt64 {
 	}
 	return sql.NullInt64{Int64: v, Valid: true}
 }
+
+// execTx executes a function in a transaction. If the function returns an error, the transaction is rolled back.
+func execTx(db *sql.DB, f func(tx *sql.Tx) error) error {
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := f(tx); err != nil {
+		if e := tx.Rollback(); e != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}

user/manager_test.go

@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
-const minBcryptTimingMillis = int64(50) // Ideally should be >100ms, but this should also run on a Raspberry Pi without massive resources
+const minBcryptTimingMillis = int64(40) // Ideally should be >100ms, but this should also run on a Raspberry Pi without massive resources
 
 func TestManager_FullScenario_Default_DenyAll(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManagerFromFile(t, filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "user.db"), "", PermissionDenyAll, DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost, DefaultUserStatsQueueWriterInterval)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleAdmin))
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("john", "john", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleAdmin, false))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("john", "john", RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AllowAccess("ben", "mytopic", PermissionReadWrite))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AllowAccess("ben", "readme", PermissionRead))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AllowAccess("ben", "writeme", PermissionWrite))
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ func TestManager_FullScenario_Default_DenyAll(t *testing.T) {
 	benGrants, err := a.Grants("ben")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, []Grant{
-		{"everyonewrite", PermissionDenyAll},
-		{"mytopic", PermissionReadWrite},
-		{"writeme", PermissionWrite},
-		{"readme", PermissionRead},
+		{"everyonewrite", PermissionDenyAll, false},
+		{"mytopic", PermissionReadWrite, false},
+		{"writeme", PermissionWrite, false},
+		{"readme", PermissionRead, false},
 	}, benGrants)
 
 	john, err := a.Authenticate("john", "john")
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ func TestManager_FullScenario_Default_DenyAll(t *testing.T) {
 	johnGrants, err := a.Grants("john")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, []Grant{
-		{"mytopic_deny*", PermissionDenyAll},
-		{"mytopic_ro*", PermissionRead},
-		{"mytopic*", PermissionReadWrite},
-		{"*", PermissionRead},
+		{"mytopic_deny*", PermissionDenyAll, false},
+		{"mytopic_ro*", PermissionRead, false},
+		{"mytopic*", PermissionReadWrite, false},
+		{"*", PermissionRead, false},
 	}, johnGrants)
 
 	notben, err := a.Authenticate("ben", "this is wrong")
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ func TestManager_Access_Order_LengthWriteRead(t *testing.T) {
 	// and longer ACL rules are prioritized as well.
 
 	a := newTestManagerFromFile(t, filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "user.db"), "", PermissionDenyAll, DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost, DefaultUserStatsQueueWriterInterval)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AllowAccess("ben", "test*", PermissionReadWrite))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AllowAccess("ben", "*", PermissionRead))
 
@@ -147,20 +147,20 @@ func TestManager_Access_Order_LengthWriteRead(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestManager_AddUser_Invalid(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
-	require.Equal(t, ErrInvalidArgument, a.AddUser("  invalid  ", "pass", RoleAdmin))
-	require.Equal(t, ErrInvalidArgument, a.AddUser("validuser", "pass", "invalid-role"))
+	require.Equal(t, ErrInvalidArgument, a.AddUser("  invalid  ", "pass", RoleAdmin, false))
+	require.Equal(t, ErrInvalidArgument, a.AddUser("validuser", "pass", "invalid-role", false))
 }
 
 func TestManager_AddUser_Timing(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManagerFromFile(t, filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "user.db"), "", PermissionDenyAll, DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost, DefaultUserStatsQueueWriterInterval)
 	start := time.Now().UnixMilli()
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("user", "pass", RoleAdmin))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("user", "pass", RoleAdmin, false))
 	require.GreaterOrEqual(t, time.Now().UnixMilli()-start, minBcryptTimingMillis)
 }
 
 func TestManager_AddUser_And_Query(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManagerFromFile(t, filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "user.db"), "", PermissionDenyAll, DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost, DefaultUserStatsQueueWriterInterval)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("user", "pass", RoleAdmin))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("user", "pass", RoleAdmin, false))
 	require.Nil(t, a.ChangeBilling("user", &Billing{
 		StripeCustomerID:            "acct_123",
 		StripeSubscriptionID:        "sub_123",
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ func TestManager_MarkUserRemoved_RemoveDeletedUsers(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
 
 	// Create user, add reservations and token
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("user", "pass", RoleAdmin))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("user", "pass", RoleAdmin, false))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AddReservation("user", "mytopic", PermissionRead))
 
 	u, err := a.User("user")
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ func TestManager_CreateToken_Only_Lower(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
 
 	// Create user, add reservations and token
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("user", "pass", RoleAdmin))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("user", "pass", RoleAdmin, false))
 	u, err := a.User("user")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
@@ -248,8 +248,8 @@ func TestManager_CreateToken_Only_Lower(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestManager_UserManagement(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleAdmin))
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleAdmin, false))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AllowAccess("ben", "mytopic", PermissionReadWrite))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AllowAccess("ben", "readme", PermissionRead))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AllowAccess("ben", "writeme", PermissionWrite))
@@ -277,10 +277,10 @@ func TestManager_UserManagement(t *testing.T) {
 	benGrants, err := a.Grants("ben")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, []Grant{
-		{"everyonewrite", PermissionDenyAll},
-		{"mytopic", PermissionReadWrite},
-		{"writeme", PermissionWrite},
-		{"readme", PermissionRead},
+		{"everyonewrite", PermissionDenyAll, false},
+		{"mytopic", PermissionReadWrite, false},
+		{"writeme", PermissionWrite, false},
+		{"readme", PermissionRead, false},
 	}, benGrants)
 
 	everyone, err := a.User(Everyone)
@@ -292,8 +292,8 @@ func TestManager_UserManagement(t *testing.T) {
 	everyoneGrants, err := a.Grants(Everyone)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, []Grant{
-		{"everyonewrite", PermissionReadWrite},
-		{"announcements", PermissionRead},
+		{"everyonewrite", PermissionReadWrite, false},
+		{"announcements", PermissionRead, false},
 	}, everyoneGrants)
 
 	// Ben: Before revoking
@@ -339,21 +339,31 @@ func TestManager_UserManagement(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestManager_ChangePassword(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleAdmin))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleAdmin, false))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("jane", "$2a$10$OyqU72muEy7VMd1SAU2Iru5IbeSMgrtCGHu/fWLmxL1MwlijQXWbG", RoleUser, true))
 
 	_, err := a.Authenticate("phil", "phil")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
-	require.Nil(t, a.ChangePassword("phil", "newpass"))
+	_, err = a.Authenticate("jane", "jane")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	require.Nil(t, a.ChangePassword("phil", "newpass", false))
 	_, err = a.Authenticate("phil", "phil")
 	require.Equal(t, ErrUnauthenticated, err)
 	_, err = a.Authenticate("phil", "newpass")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	require.Nil(t, a.ChangePassword("jane", "$2a$10$CNaCW.q1R431urlbQ5Drh.zl48TiiOeJSmZgfcswkZiPbJGQ1ApSS", true))
+	_, err = a.Authenticate("jane", "jane")
+	require.Equal(t, ErrUnauthenticated, err)
+	_, err = a.Authenticate("jane", "newpass")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestManager_ChangeRole(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AllowAccess("ben", "mytopic", PermissionReadWrite))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AllowAccess("ben", "readme", PermissionRead))
 
@@ -378,8 +388,8 @@ func TestManager_ChangeRole(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestManager_Reservations(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleUser))
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AddReservation("ben", "ztopic_", PermissionDenyAll))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AddReservation("ben", "readme", PermissionRead))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AllowAccess("ben", "something-else", PermissionRead))
@@ -460,7 +470,7 @@ func TestManager_ChangeRoleFromTierUserToAdmin(t *testing.T) {
 		AttachmentTotalSizeLimit: 524288000,
 		AttachmentExpiryDuration: 24 * time.Hour,
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, a.ChangeTier("ben", "pro"))
 	require.Nil(t, a.AddReservation("ben", "mytopic", PermissionDenyAll))
 
@@ -479,12 +489,12 @@ func TestManager_ChangeRoleFromTierUserToAdmin(t *testing.T) {
 	benGrants, err := a.Grants("ben")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(benGrants))
-	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, benGrants[0].Allow)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, benGrants[0].Permission)
 
 	everyoneGrants, err := a.Grants(Everyone)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(everyoneGrants))
-	require.Equal(t, PermissionDenyAll, everyoneGrants[0].Allow)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionDenyAll, everyoneGrants[0].Permission)
 
 	benReservations, err := a.Reservations("ben")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -507,7 +517,7 @@ func TestManager_ChangeRoleFromTierUserToAdmin(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestManager_Token_Valid(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 
 	u, err := a.User("ben")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -551,7 +561,7 @@ func TestManager_Token_Valid(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestManager_Token_Invalid(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 
 	u, err := a.AuthenticateToken(strings.Repeat("x", 32)) // 32 == token length
 	require.Nil(t, u)
@@ -570,7 +580,7 @@ func TestManager_Token_NotFound(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestManager_Token_Expire(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 
 	u, err := a.User("ben")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -618,7 +628,7 @@ func TestManager_Token_Expire(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestManager_Token_Extend(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 
 	// Try to extend token for user without token
 	u, err := a.User("ben")
@@ -647,8 +657,8 @@ func TestManager_Token_MaxCount_AutoDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	// Tests that tokens are automatically deleted when the maximum number of tokens is reached
 
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleUser, false))
 
 	ben, err := a.User("ben")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -668,10 +678,10 @@ func TestManager_Token_MaxCount_AutoDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NotEmpty(t, token.Value)
 	philTokens = append(philTokens, token.Value)
 
-	// Create 22 tokens for ben (only 20 allowed!)
+	// Create 62 tokens for ben (only 60 allowed!)
 	baseTime := time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour)
 	benTokens := make([]string, 0)
-	for i := 0; i < 22; i++ { //
+	for i := 0; i < 62; i++ { //
 		token, err := a.CreateToken(ben.ID, "", time.Now().Add(72*time.Hour), netip.IPv4Unspecified())
 		require.Nil(t, err)
 		require.NotEmpty(t, token.Value)
@@ -690,7 +700,7 @@ func TestManager_Token_MaxCount_AutoDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, ErrUnauthenticated, err)
 
 	// Ben: The other tokens should still work
-	for i := 2; i < 22; i++ {
+	for i := 2; i < 62; i++ {
 		userWithToken, err := a.AuthenticateToken(benTokens[i])
 		require.Nil(t, err, "token[%d]=%s failed", i, benTokens[i])
 		require.Equal(t, "ben", userWithToken.Name)
@@ -710,7 +720,7 @@ func TestManager_Token_MaxCount_AutoDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.True(t, rows.Next())
 	require.Nil(t, rows.Scan(&benCount))
-	require.Equal(t, 20, benCount)
+	require.Equal(t, 60, benCount)
 
 	var philCount int
 	rows, err = a.db.Query(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user_token WHERE user_id=?`, phil.ID)
@@ -721,9 +731,16 @@ func TestManager_Token_MaxCount_AutoDelete(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestManager_EnqueueStats_ResetStats(t *testing.T) {
-	a, err := NewManager(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "db"), "", PermissionReadWrite, bcrypt.MinCost, 1500*time.Millisecond)
+	conf := &Config{
+		Filename:            filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "db"),
+		StartupQueries:      "",
+		DefaultAccess:       PermissionReadWrite,
+		BcryptCost:          bcrypt.MinCost,
+		QueueWriterInterval: 1500 * time.Millisecond,
+	}
+	a, err := NewManager(conf)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 
 	// Baseline: No messages or emails
 	u, err := a.User("ben")
@@ -763,9 +780,16 @@ func TestManager_EnqueueStats_ResetStats(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestManager_EnqueueTokenUpdate(t *testing.T) {
-	a, err := NewManager(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "db"), "", PermissionReadWrite, bcrypt.MinCost, 500*time.Millisecond)
+	conf := &Config{
+		Filename:            filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "db"),
+		StartupQueries:      "",
+		DefaultAccess:       PermissionReadWrite,
+		BcryptCost:          bcrypt.MinCost,
+		QueueWriterInterval: 500 * time.Millisecond,
+	}
+	a, err := NewManager(conf)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 
 	// Create user and token
 	u, err := a.User("ben")
@@ -796,9 +820,16 @@ func TestManager_EnqueueTokenUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestManager_ChangeSettings(t *testing.T) {
-	a, err := NewManager(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "db"), "", PermissionReadWrite, bcrypt.MinCost, 1500*time.Millisecond)
+	conf := &Config{
+		Filename:            filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "db"),
+		StartupQueries:      "",
+		DefaultAccess:       PermissionReadWrite,
+		BcryptCost:          bcrypt.MinCost,
+		QueueWriterInterval: 1500 * time.Millisecond,
+	}
+	a, err := NewManager(conf)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 
 	// No settings
 	u, err := a.User("ben")
@@ -866,7 +897,7 @@ func TestManager_Tier_Create_Update_List_Delete(t *testing.T) {
 		AttachmentBandwidthLimit: 21474836480,
 		StripeMonthlyPriceID:     "price_2",
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, a.ChangeTier("phil", "pro"))
 
 	ti, err := a.Tier("pro")
@@ -981,7 +1012,7 @@ func TestManager_Tier_Change_And_Reset(t *testing.T) {
 		Name:             "Pro",
 		ReservationLimit: 4,
 	}))
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleUser, false))
 	require.Nil(t, a.ChangeTier("phil", "pro"))
 
 	// Add 10 reservations (pro tier allows that)
@@ -1007,7 +1038,7 @@ func TestManager_Tier_Change_And_Reset(t *testing.T) {
 func TestUser_PhoneNumberAddListRemove(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
 
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleUser, false))
 	phil, err := a.User("phil")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Nil(t, a.AddPhoneNumber(phil.ID, "+1234567890"))
@@ -1032,8 +1063,8 @@ func TestUser_PhoneNumberAddListRemove(t *testing.T) {
 func TestUser_PhoneNumberAdd_Multiple_Users_Same_Number(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newTestManager(t, PermissionDenyAll)
 
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleUser))
-	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("phil", "phil", RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("ben", "ben", RoleUser, false))
 	phil, err := a.User("phil")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	ben, err := a.User("ben")
@@ -1065,6 +1096,103 @@ func TestManager_Topic_Wildcard_With_Underscore(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, ErrUnauthorized, a.Authorize(nil, "mytopicX", PermissionWrite))
 }
 
+func TestManager_WithProvisionedUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	f := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "user.db")
+	conf := &Config{
+		Filename:         f,
+		DefaultAccess:    PermissionReadWrite,
+		ProvisionEnabled: true,
+		ProvisionUsers: []*User{
+			{Name: "philuser", Hash: "$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C", Role: RoleUser},
+			{Name: "philadmin", Hash: "$2a$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C", Role: RoleAdmin},
+		},
+		ProvisionAccess: map[string][]*Grant{
+			"philuser": {
+				{TopicPattern: "stats", Permission: PermissionReadWrite},
+				{TopicPattern: "secret", Permission: PermissionRead},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	a, err := NewManager(conf)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	// Manually add user
+	require.Nil(t, a.AddUser("philmanual", "manual", RoleUser, false))
+
+	// Check that the provisioned users are there
+	users, err := a.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, users, 4)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "philadmin", users[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleAdmin, users[0].Role)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "philmanual", users[1].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleUser, users[1].Role)
+
+	grants, err := a.Grants("philuser")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "philuser", users[2].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleUser, users[2].Role)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(grants))
+	require.Equal(t, "secret", grants[0].TopicPattern)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionRead, grants[0].Permission)
+	require.Equal(t, "stats", grants[1].TopicPattern)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, grants[1].Permission)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "*", users[3].Name)
+
+	// Re-open the DB (second app start)
+	require.Nil(t, a.db.Close())
+	conf.ProvisionUsers = []*User{
+		{Name: "philuser", Hash: "$2a$10$AAAU21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C", Role: RoleUser},
+	}
+	conf.ProvisionAccess = map[string][]*Grant{
+		"philuser": {
+			{TopicPattern: "stats12", Permission: PermissionReadWrite},
+			{TopicPattern: "secret12", Permission: PermissionRead},
+		},
+	}
+	a, err = NewManager(conf)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	// Check that the provisioned users are there
+	users, err = a.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, users, 3)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "philmanual", users[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleUser, users[0].Role)
+
+	grants, err = a.Grants("philuser")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "philuser", users[1].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleUser, users[1].Role)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(grants))
+	require.Equal(t, "secret12", grants[0].TopicPattern)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionRead, grants[0].Permission)
+	require.Equal(t, "stats12", grants[1].TopicPattern)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, grants[1].Permission)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "*", users[2].Name)
+
+	// Re-open the DB again (third app start)
+	require.Nil(t, a.db.Close())
+	conf.ProvisionUsers = []*User{}
+	conf.ProvisionAccess = map[string][]*Grant{}
+	a, err = NewManager(conf)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	// Check that the provisioned users are there
+	users, err = a.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, users, 2)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "philmanual", users[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, RoleUser, users[0].Role)
+	require.Equal(t, "*", users[1].Name)
+}
+
 func TestToFromSQLWildcard(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, "up%", toSQLWildcard("up*"))
 	require.Equal(t, "up\\_%", toSQLWildcard("up_*"))
@@ -1152,16 +1280,16 @@ func TestMigrationFrom1(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NotEqual(t, ben.SyncTopic, phil.SyncTopic)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(benGrants))
 	require.Equal(t, "secret", benGrants[0].TopicPattern)
-	require.Equal(t, PermissionRead, benGrants[0].Allow)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionRead, benGrants[0].Permission)
 	require.Equal(t, "stats", benGrants[1].TopicPattern)
-	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, benGrants[1].Allow)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionReadWrite, benGrants[1].Permission)
 
 	require.Equal(t, "u_everyone", everyone.ID)
 	require.Equal(t, Everyone, everyone.Name)
 	require.Equal(t, RoleAnonymous, everyone.Role)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(everyoneGrants))
 	require.Equal(t, "stats", everyoneGrants[0].TopicPattern)
-	require.Equal(t, PermissionRead, everyoneGrants[0].Allow)
+	require.Equal(t, PermissionRead, everyoneGrants[0].Permission)
 }
 
 func TestMigrationFrom4(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1326,7 +1454,14 @@ func newTestManager(t *testing.T, defaultAccess Permission) *Manager {
 }
 
 func newTestManagerFromFile(t *testing.T, filename, startupQueries string, defaultAccess Permission, bcryptCost int, statsWriterInterval time.Duration) *Manager {
-	a, err := NewManager(filename, startupQueries, defaultAccess, bcryptCost, statsWriterInterval)
+	conf := &Config{
+		Filename:            filename,
+		StartupQueries:      startupQueries,
+		DefaultAccess:       defaultAccess,
+		BcryptCost:          bcryptCost,
+		QueueWriterInterval: statsWriterInterval,
+	}
+	a, err := NewManager(conf)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	return a
 }

user/types.go

@@ -12,17 +12,18 @@ import (
 
 // User is a struct that represents a user
 type User struct {
-	ID        string
-	Name      string
-	Hash      string // password hash (bcrypt)
-	Token     string // Only set if token was used to log in
-	Role      Role
-	Prefs     *Prefs
-	Tier      *Tier
-	Stats     *Stats
-	Billing   *Billing
-	SyncTopic string
-	Deleted   bool
+	ID          string
+	Name        string
+	Hash        string // Password hash (bcrypt)
+	Token       string // Only set if token was used to log in
+	Role        Role
+	Prefs       *Prefs
+	Tier        *Tier
+	Stats       *Stats
+	Billing     *Billing
+	SyncTopic   string
+	Provisioned bool // Whether the user was provisioned by the config file
+	Deleted     bool // Whether the user was soft-deleted
 }
 
 // TierID returns the ID of the User.Tier, or an empty string if the user has no tier,
@@ -148,7 +149,8 @@ type Billing struct {
 // Grant is a struct that represents an access control entry to a topic by a user
 type Grant struct {
 	TopicPattern string // May include wildcard (*)
-	Allow        Permission
+	Permission   Permission
+	Provisioned  bool // Whether the grant was provisioned by the config file
 }
 
 // Reservation is a struct that represents the ownership over a topic by a user
@@ -241,7 +243,7 @@ const (
 )
 
 var (
-	allowedUsernameRegex     = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_.@a-zA-Z0-9]+$`)     // Does not include Everyone (*)
+	allowedUsernameRegex     = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_.+@a-zA-Z0-9]+$`)    // Does not include Everyone (*)
 	allowedTopicRegex        = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_A-Za-z0-9]{1,64}$`)  // No '*'
 	allowedTopicPatternRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_*A-Za-z0-9]{1,64}$`) // Adds '*' for wildcards!
 	allowedTierRegex         = regexp.MustCompile(`^[-_A-Za-z0-9]{1,64}$`)
@@ -272,6 +274,14 @@ func AllowedTier(tier string) bool {
 	return allowedTierRegex.MatchString(tier)
 }
 
+// AllowedPasswordHash checks if the given password hash is a valid bcrypt hash
+func AllowedPasswordHash(hash string) error {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(hash, "$2a$") && !strings.HasPrefix(hash, "$2b$") && !strings.HasPrefix(hash, "$2y$") {
+		return ErrPasswordHashInvalid
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Error constants used by the package
 var (
 	ErrUnauthenticated     = errors.New("unauthenticated")
@@ -279,6 +289,7 @@ var (
 	ErrInvalidArgument     = errors.New("invalid argument")
 	ErrUserNotFound        = errors.New("user not found")
 	ErrUserExists          = errors.New("user already exists")
+	ErrPasswordHashInvalid = errors.New("password hash but be a bcrypt hash, use 'ntfy user hash' to generate")
 	ErrTierNotFound        = errors.New("tier not found")
 	ErrTokenNotFound       = errors.New("token not found")
 	ErrPhoneNumberNotFound = errors.New("phone number not found")

user/types_test.go

@@ -61,3 +61,15 @@ func TestTierContext(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, "price_456", context["stripe_yearly_price_id"])
 
 }
+
+func TestUsernameRegex(t *testing.T) {
+	username := "phil"
+	usernameEmail := "phil@ntfy.sh"
+	usernameEmailAlias := "phil+alias@ntfy.sh"
+	usernameInvalid := "phil\rocks"
+
+	require.True(t, AllowedUsername(username))
+	require.True(t, AllowedUsername(usernameEmail))
+	require.True(t, AllowedUsername(usernameEmailAlias))
+	require.False(t, AllowedUsername(usernameInvalid))
+}

util/sprig/LICENSE.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Copyright (C) 2013-2020 Masterminds
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.

util/sprig/crypto.go

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package sprig
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha1"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/sha512"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"hash/adler32"
+)
+
+// sha512sum computes the SHA-512 hash of the input string and returns it as a hex-encoded string.
+// This function can be used in templates to generate secure hashes of sensitive data.
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ "hello world" | sha512sum }}
+func sha512sum(input string) string {
+	hash := sha512.Sum512([]byte(input))
+	return hex.EncodeToString(hash[:])
+}
+
+// sha256sum computes the SHA-256 hash of the input string and returns it as a hex-encoded string.
+// This is a commonly used cryptographic hash function that produces a 256-bit (32-byte) hash value.
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ "hello world" | sha256sum }}
+func sha256sum(input string) string {
+	hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte(input))
+	return hex.EncodeToString(hash[:])
+}
+
+// sha1sum computes the SHA-1 hash of the input string and returns it as a hex-encoded string.
+// Note: SHA-1 is no longer considered secure against well-funded attackers for cryptographic purposes.
+// Consider using sha256sum or sha512sum for security-critical applications.
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ "hello world" | sha1sum }}
+func sha1sum(input string) string {
+	hash := sha1.Sum([]byte(input))
+	return hex.EncodeToString(hash[:])
+}
+
+// adler32sum computes the Adler-32 checksum of the input string and returns it as a decimal string.
+// This is a non-cryptographic hash function primarily used for error detection.
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ "hello world" | adler32sum }}
+func adler32sum(input string) string {
+	hash := adler32.Checksum([]byte(input))
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%d", hash)
+}

util/sprig/crypto_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package sprig
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestSha512Sum(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := `{{"abc" | sha512sum}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "ddaf35a193617abacc417349ae20413112e6fa4e89a97ea20a9eeee64b55d39a2192992a274fc1a836ba3c23a3feebbd454d4423643ce80e2a9ac94fa54ca49f"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSha256Sum(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := `{{"abc" | sha256sum}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "ba7816bf8f01cfea414140de5dae2223b00361a396177a9cb410ff61f20015ad"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSha1Sum(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := `{{"abc" | sha1sum}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "a9993e364706816aba3e25717850c26c9cd0d89d"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAdler32Sum(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := `{{"abc" | adler32sum}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "38600999"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}

util/sprig/date.go

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+package sprig
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// date formats a date according to the provided format string.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - fmt: A Go time format string (e.g., "2006-01-02 15:04:05")
+//   - date: Can be a time.Time, *time.Time, or int/int32/int64 (seconds since UNIX epoch)
+//
+// If date is not one of the recognized types, the current time is used.
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ now | date "2006-01-02" }}
+func date(fmt string, date any) string {
+	return dateInZone(fmt, date, "Local")
+}
+
+// htmlDate formats a date in HTML5 date format (YYYY-MM-DD).
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - date: Can be a time.Time, *time.Time, or int/int32/int64 (seconds since UNIX epoch)
+//
+// If date is not one of the recognized types, the current time is used.
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ now | htmlDate }}
+func htmlDate(date any) string {
+	return dateInZone("2006-01-02", date, "Local")
+}
+
+// htmlDateInZone formats a date in HTML5 date format (YYYY-MM-DD) in the specified timezone.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - date: Can be a time.Time, *time.Time, or int/int32/int64 (seconds since UNIX epoch)
+//   - zone: Timezone name (e.g., "UTC", "America/New_York")
+//
+// If date is not one of the recognized types, the current time is used.
+// If the timezone is invalid, UTC is used.
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ now | htmlDateInZone "UTC" }}
+func htmlDateInZone(date any, zone string) string {
+	return dateInZone("2006-01-02", date, zone)
+}
+
+// dateInZone formats a date according to the provided format string in the specified timezone.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - fmt: A Go time format string (e.g., "2006-01-02 15:04:05")
+//   - date: Can be a time.Time, *time.Time, or int/int32/int64 (seconds since UNIX epoch)
+//   - zone: Timezone name (e.g., "UTC", "America/New_York")
+//
+// If date is not one of the recognized types, the current time is used.
+// If the timezone is invalid, UTC is used.
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ now | dateInZone "2006-01-02 15:04:05" "UTC" }}
+func dateInZone(fmt string, date any, zone string) string {
+	var t time.Time
+	switch date := date.(type) {
+	default:
+		t = time.Now()
+	case time.Time:
+		t = date
+	case *time.Time:
+		t = *date
+	case int64:
+		t = time.Unix(date, 0)
+	case int:
+		t = time.Unix(int64(date), 0)
+	case int32:
+		t = time.Unix(int64(date), 0)
+	}
+	loc, err := time.LoadLocation(zone)
+	if err != nil {
+		loc, _ = time.LoadLocation("UTC")
+	}
+	return t.In(loc).Format(fmt)
+}
+
+// dateModify modifies a date by adding a duration and returns the resulting time.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - fmt: A duration string (e.g., "24h", "-12h30m", "1h15m30s")
+//   - date: The time.Time to modify
+//
+// If the duration string is invalid, the original date is returned.
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ now | dateModify "-24h" }}
+func dateModify(fmt string, date time.Time) time.Time {
+	d, err := time.ParseDuration(fmt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return date
+	}
+	return date.Add(d)
+}
+
+// mustDateModify modifies a date by adding a duration and returns the resulting time or an error.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - fmt: A duration string (e.g., "24h", "-12h30m", "1h15m30s")
+//   - date: The time.Time to modify
+//
+// Unlike dateModify, this function returns an error if the duration string is invalid.
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ now | mustDateModify "24h" }}
+func mustDateModify(fmt string, date time.Time) (time.Time, error) {
+	d, err := time.ParseDuration(fmt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return time.Time{}, err
+	}
+	return date.Add(d), nil
+}
+
+// dateAgo returns a string representing the time elapsed since the given date.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - date: Can be a time.Time, int, or int64 (seconds since UNIX epoch)
+//
+// If date is not one of the recognized types, the current time is used.
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ "2023-01-01" | toDate "2006-01-02" | dateAgo }}
+func dateAgo(date any) string {
+	var t time.Time
+	switch date := date.(type) {
+	default:
+		t = time.Now()
+	case time.Time:
+		t = date
+	case int64:
+		t = time.Unix(date, 0)
+	case int:
+		t = time.Unix(int64(date), 0)
+	}
+	return time.Since(t).Round(time.Second).String()
+}
+
+// duration converts seconds to a duration string.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - sec: Can be a string (parsed as int64), or int64 representing seconds
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ 3600 | duration }} -> "1h0m0s"
+func duration(sec any) string {
+	var n int64
+	switch value := sec.(type) {
+	default:
+		n = 0
+	case string:
+		n, _ = strconv.ParseInt(value, 10, 64)
+	case int64:
+		n = value
+	}
+	return (time.Duration(n) * time.Second).String()
+}
+
+// durationRound formats a duration in a human-readable rounded format.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - duration: Can be a string (parsed as duration), int64 (nanoseconds),
+//     or time.Time (time since that moment)
+//
+// Returns a string with the largest appropriate unit (y, mo, d, h, m, s).
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ 3600 | duration | durationRound }} -> "1h"
+func durationRound(duration any) string {
+	var d time.Duration
+	switch duration := duration.(type) {
+	default:
+		d = 0
+	case string:
+		d, _ = time.ParseDuration(duration)
+	case int64:
+		d = time.Duration(duration)
+	case time.Time:
+		d = time.Since(duration)
+	}
+	u := uint64(math.Abs(float64(d)))
+	var (
+		year   = uint64(time.Hour) * 24 * 365
+		month  = uint64(time.Hour) * 24 * 30
+		day    = uint64(time.Hour) * 24
+		hour   = uint64(time.Hour)
+		minute = uint64(time.Minute)
+		second = uint64(time.Second)
+	)
+	switch {
+	case u > year:
+		return strconv.FormatUint(u/year, 10) + "y"
+	case u > month:
+		return strconv.FormatUint(u/month, 10) + "mo"
+	case u > day:
+		return strconv.FormatUint(u/day, 10) + "d"
+	case u > hour:
+		return strconv.FormatUint(u/hour, 10) + "h"
+	case u > minute:
+		return strconv.FormatUint(u/minute, 10) + "m"
+	case u > second:
+		return strconv.FormatUint(u/second, 10) + "s"
+	}
+	return "0s"
+}
+
+// toDate parses a string into a time.Time using the specified format.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - fmt: A Go time format string (e.g., "2006-01-02")
+//   - str: The date string to parse
+//
+// If parsing fails, returns a zero time.Time.
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ "2023-01-01" | toDate "2006-01-02" }}
+func toDate(fmt, str string) time.Time {
+	t, _ := time.ParseInLocation(fmt, str, time.Local)
+	return t
+}
+
+// mustToDate parses a string into a time.Time using the specified format or returns an error.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - fmt: A Go time format string (e.g., "2006-01-02")
+//   - str: The date string to parse
+//
+// Unlike toDate, this function returns an error if parsing fails.
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ mustToDate "2006-01-02" "2023-01-01" }}
+func mustToDate(fmt, str string) (time.Time, error) {
+	return time.ParseInLocation(fmt, str, time.Local)
+}
+
+// unixEpoch returns the Unix timestamp (seconds since January 1, 1970 UTC) for the given time.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - date: A time.Time value
+//
+// Example usage in templates: {{ now | unixEpoch }}
+func unixEpoch(date time.Time) string {
+	return strconv.FormatInt(date.Unix(), 10)
+}

util/sprig/date_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+package sprig
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestHtmlDate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Skip()
+	tpl := `{{ htmlDate 0}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "1970-01-01"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAgo(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := "{{ ago .Time }}"
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "2m5s", map[string]any{"Time": time.Now().Add(-125 * time.Second)}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "2h34m17s", map[string]any{"Time": time.Now().Add(-(2*3600 + 34*60 + 17) * time.Second)}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "-5s", map[string]any{"Time": time.Now().Add(5 * time.Second)}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestToDate(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := `{{toDate "2006-01-02" "2017-12-31" | date "02/01/2006"}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "31/12/2017"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnixEpoch(t *testing.T) {
+	tm, err := time.Parse("02 Jan 06 15:04:05 MST", "13 Jun 19 20:39:39 GMT")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	tpl := `{{unixEpoch .Time}}`
+
+	if err = runtv(tpl, "1560458379", map[string]any{"Time": tm}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDateInZone(t *testing.T) {
+	tm, err := time.Parse("02 Jan 06 15:04:05 MST", "13 Jun 19 20:39:39 GMT")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	tpl := `{{ dateInZone "02 Jan 06 15:04 -0700" .Time "UTC" }}`
+
+	// Test time.Time input
+	if err = runtv(tpl, "13 Jun 19 20:39 +0000", map[string]any{"Time": tm}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	// Test pointer to time.Time input
+	if err = runtv(tpl, "13 Jun 19 20:39 +0000", map[string]any{"Time": &tm}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	// Test no time input. This should be close enough to time.Now() we can test
+	loc, _ := time.LoadLocation("UTC")
+	if err = runtv(tpl, time.Now().In(loc).Format("02 Jan 06 15:04 -0700"), map[string]any{"Time": ""}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	// Test unix timestamp as int64
+	if err = runtv(tpl, "13 Jun 19 20:39 +0000", map[string]any{"Time": int64(1560458379)}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	// Test unix timestamp as int32
+	if err = runtv(tpl, "13 Jun 19 20:39 +0000", map[string]any{"Time": int32(1560458379)}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	// Test unix timestamp as int
+	if err = runtv(tpl, "13 Jun 19 20:39 +0000", map[string]any{"Time": int(1560458379)}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	// Test case of invalid timezone
+	tpl = `{{ dateInZone "02 Jan 06 15:04 -0700" .Time "foobar" }}`
+	if err = runtv(tpl, "13 Jun 19 20:39 +0000", map[string]any{"Time": tm}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDuration(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := "{{ duration .Secs }}"
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "1m1s", map[string]any{"Secs": "61"}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "1h0m0s", map[string]any{"Secs": "3600"}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	// 1d2h3m4s but go is opinionated
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "26h3m4s", map[string]any{"Secs": "93784"}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDurationRound(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := "{{ durationRound .Time }}"
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "2h", map[string]any{"Time": "2h5s"}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "1d", map[string]any{"Time": "24h5s"}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "3mo", map[string]any{"Time": "2400h5s"}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "1m", map[string]any{"Time": "-1m1s"}); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}

util/sprig/defaults.go

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+package sprig
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// defaultValue checks whether `given` is set, and returns default if not set.
+//
+// This returns `d` if `given` appears not to be set, and `given` otherwise.
+//
+// For numeric types 0 is unset.
+// For strings, maps, arrays, and slices, len() = 0 is considered unset.
+// For bool, false is unset.
+// Structs are never considered unset.
+//
+// For everything else, including pointers, a nil value is unset.
+func defaultValue(d any, given ...any) any {
+	if empty(given) || empty(given[0]) {
+		return d
+	}
+	return given[0]
+}
+
+// empty returns true if the given value has the zero value for its type.
+// This is a helper function used by defaultValue, coalesce, all, and anyNonEmpty.
+//
+// The following values are considered empty:
+// - Invalid values
+// - nil values
+// - Zero-length arrays, slices, maps, and strings
+// - Boolean false
+// - Zero for all numeric types
+// - Structs are never considered empty
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - given: The value to check for emptiness
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - bool: True if the value is considered empty, false otherwise
+func empty(given any) bool {
+	g := reflect.ValueOf(given)
+	if !g.IsValid() {
+		return true
+	}
+	// Basically adapted from text/template.isTrue
+	switch g.Kind() {
+	default:
+		return g.IsNil()
+	case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice, reflect.Map, reflect.String:
+		return g.Len() == 0
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		return !g.Bool()
+	case reflect.Complex64, reflect.Complex128:
+		return g.Complex() == 0
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
+		return g.Int() == 0
+	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr:
+		return g.Uint() == 0
+	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
+		return g.Float() == 0
+	case reflect.Struct:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// coalesce returns the first non-empty value from a list of values.
+// If all values are empty, it returns nil.
+//
+// This is useful for providing a series of fallback values.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - v: A variadic list of values to check
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - any: The first non-empty value, or nil if all values are empty
+func coalesce(v ...any) any {
+	for _, val := range v {
+		if !empty(val) {
+			return val
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// all checks if all values in a list are non-empty.
+// Returns true if every value in the list is non-empty.
+// If the list is empty, returns true (vacuously true).
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - v: A variadic list of values to check
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - bool: True if all values are non-empty, false otherwise
+func all(v ...any) bool {
+	for _, val := range v {
+		if empty(val) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// anyNonEmpty checks if at least one value in a list is non-empty.
+// Returns true if any value in the list is non-empty.
+// If the list is empty, returns false.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - v: A variadic list of values to check
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - bool: True if at least one value is non-empty, false otherwise
+func anyNonEmpty(v ...any) bool {
+	for _, val := range v {
+		if !empty(val) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// fromJSON decodes a JSON string into a structured value.
+// This function ignores any errors that occur during decoding.
+// If the JSON is invalid, it returns nil.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - v: The JSON string to decode
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - any: The decoded value, or nil if decoding failed
+func fromJSON(v string) any {
+	output, _ := mustFromJSON(v)
+	return output
+}
+
+// mustFromJSON decodes a JSON string into a structured value.
+// Unlike fromJSON, this function returns any errors that occur during decoding.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - v: The JSON string to decode
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - any: The decoded value
+//   - error: Any error that occurred during decoding
+func mustFromJSON(v string) (any, error) {
+	var output any
+	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), &output)
+	return output, err
+}
+
+// toJSON encodes a value into a JSON string.
+// This function ignores any errors that occur during encoding.
+// If the value cannot be encoded, it returns an empty string.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - v: The value to encode to JSON
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - string: The JSON string representation of the value
+func toJSON(v any) string {
+	output, _ := json.Marshal(v)
+	return string(output)
+}
+
+// mustToJSON encodes a value into a JSON string.
+// Unlike toJSON, this function returns any errors that occur during encoding.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - v: The value to encode to JSON
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - string: The JSON string representation of the value
+//   - error: Any error that occurred during encoding
+func mustToJSON(v any) (string, error) {
+	output, err := json.Marshal(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return string(output), nil
+}
+
+// toPrettyJSON encodes a value into a pretty (indented) JSON string.
+// This function ignores any errors that occur during encoding.
+// If the value cannot be encoded, it returns an empty string.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - v: The value to encode to JSON
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - string: The indented JSON string representation of the value
+func toPrettyJSON(v any) string {
+	output, _ := json.MarshalIndent(v, "", "  ")
+	return string(output)
+}
+
+// mustToPrettyJSON encodes a value into a pretty (indented) JSON string.
+// Unlike toPrettyJSON, this function returns any errors that occur during encoding.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - v: The value to encode to JSON
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - string: The indented JSON string representation of the value
+//   - error: Any error that occurred during encoding
+func mustToPrettyJSON(v any) (string, error) {
+	output, err := json.MarshalIndent(v, "", "  ")
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return string(output), nil
+}
+
+// toRawJSON encodes a value into a JSON string with no escaping of HTML characters.
+// This function panics if an error occurs during encoding.
+// Unlike toJSON, HTML characters like <, >, and & are not escaped.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - v: The value to encode to JSON
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - string: The JSON string representation of the value without HTML escaping
+func toRawJSON(v any) string {
+	output, err := mustToRawJSON(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return output
+}
+
+// mustToRawJSON encodes a value into a JSON string with no escaping of HTML characters.
+// Unlike toRawJSON, this function returns any errors that occur during encoding.
+// HTML characters like <, >, and & are not escaped in the output.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - v: The value to encode to JSON
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - string: The JSON string representation of the value without HTML escaping
+//   - error: Any error that occurred during encoding
+func mustToRawJSON(v any) (string, error) {
+	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	enc := json.NewEncoder(buf)
+	enc.SetEscapeHTML(false)
+	if err := enc.Encode(&v); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSuffix(buf.String(), "\n"), nil
+}
+
+// ternary implements a conditional (ternary) operator.
+// It returns the first value if the condition is true, otherwise returns the second value.
+// This is similar to the ?: operator in many programming languages.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - vt: The value to return if the condition is true
+//   - vf: The value to return if the condition is false
+//   - v: The boolean condition to evaluate
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - any: Either vt or vf depending on the value of v
+func ternary(vt any, vf any, v bool) any {
+	if v {
+		return vt
+	}
+	return vf
+}

util/sprig/defaults_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+package sprig
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := `{{"" | default "foo"}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "foo"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	tpl = `{{default "foo" 234}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "234"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	tpl = `{{default "foo" 2.34}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "2.34"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	tpl = `{{ .Nothing | default "123" }}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "123"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	tpl = `{{ default "123" }}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "123"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := `{{if empty 1}}1{{else}}0{{end}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "0"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	tpl = `{{if empty 0}}1{{else}}0{{end}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "1"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	tpl = `{{if empty ""}}1{{else}}0{{end}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "1"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	tpl = `{{if empty 0.0}}1{{else}}0{{end}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "1"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	tpl = `{{if empty false}}1{{else}}0{{end}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "1"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	dict := map[string]any{"top": map[string]any{}}
+	tpl = `{{if empty .top.NoSuchThing}}1{{else}}0{{end}}`
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "1", dict); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	tpl = `{{if empty .bottom.NoSuchThing}}1{{else}}0{{end}}`
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "1", dict); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCoalesce(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		`{{ coalesce 1 }}`:                            "1",
+		`{{ coalesce "" 0 nil 2 }}`:                   "2",
+		`{{ $two := 2 }}{{ coalesce "" 0 nil $two }}`: "2",
+		`{{ $two := 2 }}{{ coalesce "" $two 0 0 0 }}`: "2",
+		`{{ $two := 2 }}{{ coalesce "" $two 3 4 5 }}`: "2",
+		`{{ coalesce }}`:                              "<no value>",
+	}
+	for tpl, expect := range tests {
+		assert.NoError(t, runt(tpl, expect))
+	}
+
+	dict := map[string]any{"top": map[string]any{}}
+	tpl := `{{ coalesce .top.NoSuchThing .bottom .bottom.dollar "airplane"}}`
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "airplane", dict); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAll(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		`{{ all 1 }}`:                            "true",
+		`{{ all "" 0 nil 2 }}`:                   "false",
+		`{{ $two := 2 }}{{ all "" 0 nil $two }}`: "false",
+		`{{ $two := 2 }}{{ all "" $two 0 0 0 }}`: "false",
+		`{{ $two := 2 }}{{ all "" $two 3 4 5 }}`: "false",
+		`{{ all }}`:                              "true",
+	}
+	for tpl, expect := range tests {
+		assert.NoError(t, runt(tpl, expect))
+	}
+
+	dict := map[string]any{"top": map[string]any{}}
+	tpl := `{{ all .top.NoSuchThing .bottom .bottom.dollar "airplane"}}`
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "false", dict); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAny(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		`{{ any 1 }}`:                              "true",
+		`{{ any "" 0 nil 2 }}`:                     "true",
+		`{{ $two := 2 }}{{ any "" 0 nil $two }}`:   "true",
+		`{{ $two := 2 }}{{ any "" $two 3 4 5 }}`:   "true",
+		`{{ $zero := 0 }}{{ any "" $zero 0 0 0 }}`: "false",
+		`{{ any }}`: "false",
+	}
+	for tpl, expect := range tests {
+		assert.NoError(t, runt(tpl, expect))
+	}
+
+	dict := map[string]any{"top": map[string]any{}}
+	tpl := `{{ any .top.NoSuchThing .bottom .bottom.dollar "airplane"}}`
+	if err := runtv(tpl, "true", dict); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFromJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	dict := map[string]any{"Input": `{"foo": 55}`}
+
+	tpl := `{{.Input | fromJSON}}`
+	expected := `map[foo:55]`
+	if err := runtv(tpl, expected, dict); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	tpl = `{{(.Input | fromJSON).foo}}`
+	expected = `55`
+	if err := runtv(tpl, expected, dict); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestToJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	dict := map[string]any{"Top": map[string]any{"bool": true, "string": "test", "number": 42}}
+
+	tpl := `{{.Top | toJSON}}`
+	expected := `{"bool":true,"number":42,"string":"test"}`
+	if err := runtv(tpl, expected, dict); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestToPrettyJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	dict := map[string]any{"Top": map[string]any{"bool": true, "string": "test", "number": 42}}
+	tpl := `{{.Top | toPrettyJSON}}`
+	expected := `{
+  "bool": true,
+  "number": 42,
+  "string": "test"
+}`
+	if err := runtv(tpl, expected, dict); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestToRawJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	dict := map[string]any{"Top": map[string]any{"bool": true, "string": "test", "number": 42, "html": "<HEAD>"}}
+	tpl := `{{.Top | toRawJSON}}`
+	expected := `{"bool":true,"html":"<HEAD>","number":42,"string":"test"}`
+
+	if err := runtv(tpl, expected, dict); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTernary(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := `{{true | ternary "foo" "bar"}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "foo"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	tpl = `{{ternary "foo" "bar" true}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "foo"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	tpl = `{{false | ternary "foo" "bar"}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "bar"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	tpl = `{{ternary "foo" "bar" false}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "bar"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}

util/sprig/dict.go

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+package sprig
+
+// get retrieves a value from a map by its key.
+// If the key exists, returns the corresponding value.
+// If the key doesn't exist, returns an empty string.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - d: The map to retrieve the value from
+//   - key: The key to look up
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - any: The value associated with the key, or an empty string if not found
+func get(d map[string]any, key string) any {
+	if val, ok := d[key]; ok {
+		return val
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// set adds or updates a key-value pair in a map.
+// Modifies the map in place and returns the modified map.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - d: The map to modify
+//   - key: The key to set
+//   - value: The value to associate with the key
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - map[string]any: The modified map (same instance as the input map)
+func set(d map[string]any, key string, value any) map[string]any {
+	d[key] = value
+	return d
+}
+
+// unset removes a key-value pair from a map.
+// If the key doesn't exist, the map remains unchanged.
+// Modifies the map in place and returns the modified map.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - d: The map to modify
+//   - key: The key to remove
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - map[string]any: The modified map (same instance as the input map)
+func unset(d map[string]any, key string) map[string]any {
+	delete(d, key)
+	return d
+}
+
+// hasKey checks if a key exists in a map.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - d: The map to check
+//   - key: The key to look for
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - bool: True if the key exists in the map, false otherwise
+func hasKey(d map[string]any, key string) bool {
+	_, ok := d[key]
+	return ok
+}
+
+// pluck extracts values for a specific key from multiple maps.
+// Only includes values from maps where the key exists.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - key: The key to extract values for
+//   - d: A variadic list of maps to extract values from
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - []any: A slice containing all values associated with the key across all maps
+func pluck(key string, d ...map[string]any) []any {
+	var res []any
+	for _, dict := range d {
+		if val, ok := dict[key]; ok {
+			res = append(res, val)
+		}
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+// keys collects all keys from one or more maps.
+// The returned slice may contain duplicate keys if multiple maps contain the same key.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - dicts: A variadic list of maps to collect keys from
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - []string: A slice containing all keys from all provided maps
+func keys(dicts ...map[string]any) []string {
+	var k []string
+	for _, dict := range dicts {
+		for key := range dict {
+			k = append(k, key)
+		}
+	}
+	return k
+}
+
+// pick creates a new map containing only the specified keys from the original map.
+// If a key doesn't exist in the original map, it won't be included in the result.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - dict: The source map
+//   - keys: A variadic list of keys to include in the result
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - map[string]any: A new map containing only the specified keys and their values
+func pick(dict map[string]any, keys ...string) map[string]any {
+	res := map[string]any{}
+	for _, k := range keys {
+		if v, ok := dict[k]; ok {
+			res[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+// omit creates a new map excluding the specified keys from the original map.
+// The original map remains unchanged.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - dict: The source map
+//   - keys: A variadic list of keys to exclude from the result
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - map[string]any: A new map containing all key-value pairs except those specified
+func omit(dict map[string]any, keys ...string) map[string]any {
+	res := map[string]any{}
+	omit := make(map[string]bool, len(keys))
+	for _, k := range keys {
+		omit[k] = true
+	}
+	for k, v := range dict {
+		if _, ok := omit[k]; !ok {
+			res[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+// dict creates a new map from a list of key-value pairs.
+// The arguments are treated as key-value pairs, where even-indexed arguments are keys
+// and odd-indexed arguments are values.
+// If there's an odd number of arguments, the last key will be assigned an empty string value.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - v: A variadic list of alternating keys and values
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - map[string]any: A new map containing the specified key-value pairs
+func dict(v ...any) map[string]any {
+	dict := map[string]any{}
+	lenv := len(v)
+	for i := 0; i < lenv; i += 2 {
+		key := strval(v[i])
+		if i+1 >= lenv {
+			dict[key] = ""
+			continue
+		}
+		dict[key] = v[i+1]
+	}
+	return dict
+}
+
+// values collects all values from a map into a slice.
+// The order of values in the resulting slice is not guaranteed.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - dict: The map to collect values from
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - []any: A slice containing all values from the map
+func values(dict map[string]any) []any {
+	var values []any
+	for _, value := range dict {
+		values = append(values, value)
+	}
+	return values
+}
+
+// dig safely accesses nested values in maps using a sequence of keys.
+// If any key in the path doesn't exist, it returns the default value.
+// The function expects at least 3 arguments: one or more keys, a default value, and a map.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - ps: A variadic list where:
+//   - The first N-2 arguments are string keys forming the path
+//   - The second-to-last argument is the default value to return if the path doesn't exist
+//   - The last argument is the map to traverse
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - any: The value found at the specified path, or the default value if not found
+//   - error: Any error that occurred during traversal
+//
+// Panics:
+//   - If fewer than 3 arguments are provided
+func dig(ps ...any) (any, error) {
+	if len(ps) < 3 {
+		panic("dig needs at least three arguments")
+	}
+	dict := ps[len(ps)-1].(map[string]any)
+	def := ps[len(ps)-2]
+	ks := make([]string, len(ps)-2)
+	for i := 0; i < len(ks); i++ {
+		ks[i] = ps[i].(string)
+	}
+
+	return digFromDict(dict, def, ks)
+}
+
+// digFromDict is a helper function for dig that recursively traverses a map using a sequence of keys.
+// If any key in the path doesn't exist, it returns the default value.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - dict: The map to traverse
+//   - d: The default value to return if the path doesn't exist
+//   - ks: A slice of string keys forming the path to traverse
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - any: The value found at the specified path, or the default value if not found
+//   - error: Any error that occurred during traversal
+func digFromDict(dict map[string]any, d any, ks []string) (any, error) {
+	k, ns := ks[0], ks[1:]
+	step, has := dict[k]
+	if !has {
+		return d, nil
+	}
+	if len(ns) == 0 {
+		return step, nil
+	}
+	return digFromDict(step.(map[string]any), d, ns)
+}

util/sprig/dict_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+package sprig
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestDict(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := `{{$d := dict 1 2 "three" "four" 5}}{{range $k, $v := $d}}{{$k}}{{$v}}{{end}}`
+	out, err := runRaw(tpl, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	if len(out) != 12 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected length 12, got %d", len(out))
+	}
+	// dict does not guarantee ordering because it is backed by a map.
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "12") {
+		t.Error("Expected grouping 12")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "threefour") {
+		t.Error("Expected grouping threefour")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "5") {
+		t.Error("Expected 5")
+	}
+	tpl = `{{$t := dict "I" "shot" "the" "albatross"}}{{$t.the}} {{$t.I}}`
+	if err := runt(tpl, "albatross shot"); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnset(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := `{{- $d := dict "one" 1 "two" 222222 -}}
+	{{- $_ := unset $d "two" -}}
+	{{- range $k, $v := $d}}{{$k}}{{$v}}{{- end -}}
+	`
+
+	expect := "one1"
+	if err := runt(tpl, expect); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+func TestHasKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := `{{- $d := dict "one" 1 "two" 222222 -}}
+	{{- if hasKey $d "one" -}}1{{- end -}}
+	`
+
+	expect := "1"
+	if err := runt(tpl, expect); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPluck(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := `
+	{{- $d := dict "one" 1 "two" 222222 -}}
+	{{- $d2 := dict "one" 1 "two" 33333 -}}
+	{{- $d3 := dict "one" 1 -}}
+	{{- $d4 := dict "one" 1 "two" 4444 -}}
+	{{- pluck "two" $d $d2 $d3 $d4 -}}
+	`
+
+	expect := "[222222 33333 4444]"
+	if err := runt(tpl, expect); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestKeys(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		`{{ dict "foo" 1 "bar" 2 | keys | sortAlpha }}`: "[bar foo]",
+		`{{ dict | keys }}`:                             "[]",
+		`{{ keys (dict "foo" 1) (dict "bar" 2) (dict "bar" 3) | uniq | sortAlpha }}`: "[bar foo]",
+	}
+	for tpl, expect := range tests {
+		if err := runt(tpl, expect); err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPick(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		`{{- $d := dict "one" 1 "two" 222222 }}{{ pick $d "two" | len -}}`:               "1",
+		`{{- $d := dict "one" 1 "two" 222222 }}{{ pick $d "two" -}}`:                     "map[two:222222]",
+		`{{- $d := dict "one" 1 "two" 222222 }}{{ pick $d "one" "two" | len -}}`:         "2",
+		`{{- $d := dict "one" 1 "two" 222222 }}{{ pick $d "one" "two" "three" | len -}}`: "2",
+		`{{- $d := dict }}{{ pick $d "two" | len -}}`:                                    "0",
+	}
+	for tpl, expect := range tests {
+		if err := runt(tpl, expect); err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+func TestOmit(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		`{{- $d := dict "one" 1 "two" 222222 }}{{ omit $d "one" | len -}}`:         "1",
+		`{{- $d := dict "one" 1 "two" 222222 }}{{ omit $d "one" -}}`:               "map[two:222222]",
+		`{{- $d := dict "one" 1 "two" 222222 }}{{ omit $d "one" "two" | len -}}`:   "0",
+		`{{- $d := dict "one" 1 "two" 222222 }}{{ omit $d "two" "three" | len -}}`: "1",
+		`{{- $d := dict }}{{ omit $d "two" | len -}}`:                              "0",
+	}
+	for tpl, expect := range tests {
+		if err := runt(tpl, expect); err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGet(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		`{{- $d := dict "one" 1 }}{{ get $d "one" -}}`:           "1",
+		`{{- $d := dict "one" 1 "two" "2" }}{{ get $d "two" -}}`: "2",
+		`{{- $d := dict }}{{ get $d "two" -}}`:                   "",
+	}
+	for tpl, expect := range tests {
+		if err := runt(tpl, expect); err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSet(t *testing.T) {
+	tpl := `{{- $d := dict "one" 1 "two" 222222 -}}
+	{{- $_ := set $d "two" 2 -}}
+	{{- $_ := set $d "three" 3 -}}
+	{{- if hasKey $d "one" -}}{{$d.one}}{{- end -}}
+	{{- if hasKey $d "two" -}}{{$d.two}}{{- end -}}
+	{{- if hasKey $d "three" -}}{{$d.three}}{{- end -}}
+	`
+
+	expect := "123"
+	if err := runt(tpl, expect); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValues(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		`{{- $d := dict "a" 1 "b" 2 }}{{ values $d | sortAlpha | join "," }}`:       "1,2",
+		`{{- $d := dict "a" "first" "b" 2 }}{{ values $d | sortAlpha | join "," }}`: "2,first",
+	}
+
+	for tpl, expect := range tests {
+		if err := runt(tpl, expect); err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDig(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		`{{- $d := dict "a" (dict "b" (dict "c" 1)) }}{{ dig "a" "b" "c" "" $d }}`:  "1",
+		`{{- $d := dict "a" (dict "b" (dict "c" 1)) }}{{ dig "a" "b" "z" "2" $d }}`: "2",
+		`{{ dict "a" 1 | dig "a" "" }}`:                                             "1",
+		`{{ dict "a" 1 | dig "z" "2" }}`:                                            "2",
+	}
+
+	for tpl, expect := range tests {
+		if err := runt(tpl, expect); err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+		}
+	}
+}

util/sprig/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/*
+Package sprig provides template functions for Go.
+
+This package contains a number of utility functions for working with data
+inside of Go `html/template` and `text/template` files.
+
+To add these functions, use the `template.Funcs()` method:
+
+	t := template.New("foo").Funcs(sprig.FuncMap())
+
+Note that you should add the function map before you parse any template files.
+
+	In several cases, Sprig reverses the order of arguments from the way they
+	appear in the standard library. This is to make it easier to pipe
+	arguments into functions.
+
+See http://masterminds.github.io/sprig/ for more detailed documentation on each of the available functions.
+*/
+package sprig

util/sprig/example_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package sprig
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"text/template"
+)
+
+func Example() {
+	// Set up variables and template.
+	vars := map[string]any{"Name": "  John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt "}
+	tpl := `Hello {{.Name | trim | lower}}`
+
+	// Get the Sprig function map.
+	fmap := TxtFuncMap()
+	t := template.Must(template.New("test").Funcs(fmap).Parse(tpl))
+
+	err := t.Execute(os.Stdout, vars)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error during template execution: %s", err)
+		return
+	}
+	// Output:
+	// Hello john jacob jingleheimer schmidt
+}